Marketing communication: principles and practice


C O N S U M E R B E H A V I O U R A N D C O M M U N I C A T I O N



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73 Marketing communication principles and practice Richard J Varey

C O N S U M E R B E H A V I O U R A N D C O M M U N I C A T I O N
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of engaging in cognitive processing are seen as low, the peripheral route is
taken, offering cues that are essentially incidental to the content of the
promotional message. In celebrity endorsement of a product, feelings towards
the star become attached to the product – there is little reasoned evaluation. 
The halo effect arises when the attitudes of a salient belief influence
attitudes about another. One is said to ‘rub off’ on another. From the
marketer’s point of view, the halo effect can be highly advantageous – when,
for example, the advertising of one brand helps to sell another. On the other
hand, this can be damaging when a dislike for a competitor’s product leads
to rejection of one’s own. When a halo effect is positive, spending on product
advertising can be very efficient.
When a person’s beliefs do not fit together, they become aroused, leading
to a change of thought, feeling, or action so as to improve the ‘fit’. This
condition of cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1964) is felt when we commit
ourselves to a course of action that is inconsistent with our other behaviour
or beliefs, or which later turns out to have undesirable consequences that
we might have foreseen. Thus, after a purchase decision is made, we might
feel tense about our decision, perhaps because the product fails to meet our
expectations or because we become aware of a superior alternative. Ever felt
like you had missed out on the best deal after buying a PC and then seeing
an advertisement for an even better equipped model at a lower price? When
such discomfort occurs, we may change one or other of the views held or
introduce a third view that accounts for the discrepancy. Of course, the
cheaper, better-equipped PC can’t possibly be as reliable as the one we are
now lumbered with! 
Dissonance has important implications for managing marketing communi-
cation systems. The arousal of dissonance is associated with involvement,
and generally leads to some further action beyond purchase. The buyer may
complain to the provider, or to friends, relatives, and colleagues, or to a trade
or consumer protection body.
Communication strategy should take account of the level of cognitive
processing that consumers and buyers are expected to engage in and the route
taken to effect attitude change. When motivation and involvement are low,
for example, the peripheral route should be dominant with a focus on
emotions. 

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