Marketing communication: principles and practice


Figure 3.5 A consumer’s knowledge structure for a car



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73 Marketing communication principles and practice Richard J Varey

Figure 3.5
A consumer’s knowledge structure for a car
Source
: Shimp, 1997: 126


Attitude
Attitude is what we feel about a concept (brand, category, person, ideology,
and so on); i.e. an attitude is an evaluation. Important for marketers are
attitudes about forms of action, such as buying, using, eating, etc. Thus an
attitude is a learned tendency to respond to something in a consistently
positive or negative manner. Attitudes can be inferred from behaviour, or
measurement can be attempted using a scale (for example: ‘How would you
rate playing the Lottery on a scale from a waste of money (–3) to a good
investment (+3)?’).
When we are motivated to seek a satisfier for a need by processing
information, we form attitudes when exposed to data about a concept
(product or supplier, for example). As we interrogate the environment 
in the search for a satisfier, we form salient beliefs about products, upon 
which we can make a judgement about appropriate action (reject, buy,
recommend, etc.). 
Attitude change can be accomplished when the balance or consistency of
cognition, affect, and conation is altered by adding a new salient belief,
changing the strength of influence of a salient belief, or changing the
evaluation of a held belief. Beyond a certain threshold of inconsistency, a
mental readjustment is brought about to restore stability in the belief. Three
mechanisms have been identified:
1 new information is rejected so as to maintain the status quo of the cognitive
element of the attitude
2 the information is accepted as true but countered with the view that the
person’s own situation is exceptional
3 the attitude is changed to accommodate the new information
Rosenberg (1960) showed that a change in one element of an attitude usually
causes a change in the others. New data causing a change in cognition will
change feelings about a product, usually leading to an alteration in intention
towards the product. For example, a mailed leaflet informs me that a software
product has been upgraded and reduced in price. This seems to be better
value for money and will perform some functions that are useful to me. I
decide that the product is appropriate and decide to write an order. 
Cognitive change and affective change are modelled in the Elaboration
Likelihood Model (ELM) at various levels of involvement. The extent to
which you need to develop and refine information in order to make a decision
is termed ‘elaboration’. Elaboration is high when your ability to process
information is high and you are highly motivated to do so. The model is shown
in Figure 3.6.
The central route to attitude change involves appeals to rational, cognitive
thinking by active, involved decision-makers. When considering a car
purchase, for example, they would be willing to read informative brochures
and to act upon their judgement of the arguments used to position the product
as suitable for them. When the ability to process information and likelihood

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