Магистерская диссертация

stressful situation , triggering the activation of an accompanying psychophysiological stress reaction;

conflict situation , in which protective psychological reactions of a person are manifested;

frustrating situationcharacterized by cognitive or behavioral disorientation of a person, as well as the ambivalence of his feelings;

traumatic situation , accompanied by the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD);

extreme situation , in which there is an extreme mobilization of the forces and capabilities of a person;

emergency situation that occurs in life-threatening conditions and threatens its safe existence;

tense situation in which a person seeks to get rid of or, conversely, increase the feeling of neuropsychic stress.

The importance of the ratio of subjective and objective assessment of the situation is emphasized in the works of E.V. Bityutskaya and V.A. Petrovsky [Bityutskaya, 2007, 2013; Bityutskaya, Petrovsky, 2016], highlighting two aspects of DLS: subjective and objective. The subjective component is the result of a cognitive assessment, which is carried out in accordance with subjective criteria and personal meanings. Based on this assessment, the individual categorizes the situation and establishes its difficulty. Empirically, it has been shown that the most significant signs of classifying a situation as difficult are the need to make efforts to overcome and achieve a significant difficult goal that requires high expenditure of resources [Bityutskaya, 2007].
The objective component of TLS, according to the authors, is determined by how feasible the solution of the problem is with available resources (understood in a broad sense as various means, opportunities that a person has and can use in TLS). Based on the criterion of applied efforts, several types of situations were identified: everyday situations , for the solution of which the efforts familiar to the subject are sufficient; TJS , in which in order to achieve goals or overcome difficulties, it is necessary to apply efforts that exceed the individual standard of the individual; extreme situations , the passage of which requires extra effort from a person, actions at the limit of his capabilities; unbearable situations , the resolution of which is impossible due to the objective lack or lack of resources, as a result of which efforts are either not made or do not have a significant impact on the situation [Bityutskaya, Petrovsky, 2016].
Based on the selection of subjective and objective aspects, the authors define DLS as a situation that requires additional (compared to the individual standard) efforts, which is adequately reflected in the mind of the subject [ibid.]. And it is precisely when correlating subjective and objective criteria that four types of perception of situations are manifested, which are characterized by an adequate or inadequate (illusory) assessment of the difficulty of the situation.⁸
Further development of this approach is carried out in his work by I.M. Shmelev [Shmelev, 2017]. He emphasizes the aspect of the involvement of the fund of biological experience in the formation of an assessment of the situation as difficult, which suggests the presence of motivational-affective reactions, which is understood as the participation of unconscious instinctive and not actually cognitive reactions to stimuli. This understanding follows from the classic works of R. Lazarus and S. Folkman [ Lazarus , Folkman , 1984; Folkman , Lazarus , 1988], which distinguish between "primary" and "secondary evaluation" of the situation.
Based on the results of the theoretical review of the existing literature, we came to the conclusion that in our work we will adhere to the definition of TJS given by I.M. Shmelev, who understands a difficult life situation as a situation “in which internal resources for moving towards a goal are actualized and realized, additional in relation to individual standards” [Shmelev, 2017].