Madaminova moxidil qurvonali qizi

CHAPTER I. Comparative study of phraseological units
§1.1. Comparative typological analysis of English phraseology
Phraseology is a science about phraseological units, stable combination of words. Phraseology is a treasure of a language, which reflects the history, the cultures, and way of life of any nation. Phraseology express national character. The fund of English phraseology is rich in national, international and borrowed of terminological and non - terminological origin phraseological units as well as Uzbek phraseology. Translating phraseological units is not easy matter as it depends on several factors: different combinability of words, homonymy and synonymy, polysemy of phraseological units and presence of falsely identical units, which makes it necessary to take into account of the context. There are also different scientific approaches to the classification of English phraseological units. For instance, V.V.Vinogradov classifications is synchronic. It is based upon the motivation of the unit. According to his classification, there are 3 types of phraseological units: phraseological fusions; phraseological unities; phraseological combinations. It has been pointed out by N. N. Amosova and A. V. Koonin that classification, being for the Russian phraseology doesn’t fit the specifically English features. A. V. Koonin’s classification is based on the functions the functions the units fulfill in speech: nominating; interjectional; communicative. Moreover, English phraseological units can be classified as parts of speech.¹ Here we have the following groups: noun phraseologisms denoting an object, a person, a living being, e.g.bullet train, latchkey child, redbrick university, Green Berets. verb phraseologisms denoting an action, a state, a feeling, e. g. to break the log-jam, to be on the beam, to nose out, to make headlines. adjective phraseologisms denoting a quality, loose as a goose, dull as lead; adverb phraseological units, such as: with a bump, in the soup, like a dream, like a dog with two tails; preposition phraseological units. Such kind of classification is not seen in Uzbek phraseology. This is mainly because, there is not any kind of preposition in Uzbek. This part is the most essential difference English and Uzbek phraseology. For example: in the course of, on the stroke of interjection phraseological units, e.g. “Catch me!”, “Well, I never!” etc. And also Uzbek scholars have been working on the branch of phraseological units. There is the branch of lexicology which studies idioms, phraseological units, words and group of words that are used in the language as ready- made units it is called in Uzbek. They are: phraseological units; proverbs; aphorisms. Phraseological units are usually called as idioms in Uzbek language. Phraseological units require followings: consist of two or more than two words; usually show transforming meaning; usually used as ready- made units of the language; the words that are parts of phraseological units can not be aparted; they are usually expressed or their definition is usually expressed by one word. For example: Yog‘ tushsa, yalaguday-toza. It means in English “clean - pure”. Ilon yog‘ini yalagan-ayyor. This phrase is used for the people who are deceiver. Do‘ppisini osmonga otmoq; Xursand.This phrase is used when people are pleased, glad. But some of them can not be expressed by one word: for example, bog‘dan kelsa, tog‘dan kelmoq- suhbatdoshining gapiga hech aloqasi yo‘q gap so‘z aytmoq. Phraseologic units can be asked by one question and answered too. Phraseologic units or idioms will be analyzed completely in the sentence but not separately word by word. One idiom functions as one syntactical unit. In Uzbek they can function all kinds of syntactical units: for example, Bilamiz, Direktor bo‘lgandan keyin dimog‘i shishib ketibdi. (kesim) Ona degan yer tagida ilon qimirlaganini biladi. (to‘ldiruvchi) Siz ham o‘sha daqqi yunusdan qolgan afsonaga ishonasizmi? (aniqlovchi) Damini ichiga yutib, oyog‘ining uchida yurib uyga asta kirdi. (hol). Phraseological units have synonymic, antonymic and homonymic features as words do. For example, Ko‘z yummoq , E’tiborsiz qoldirmoq.² Phraseological units can be synonyms to words or to the phraseological units. If phraseological units are synonym to phraseological units so they are called phraseological synonym idioms, if phraseological units are synonym by words so they are called lexico-phraseological synonym idioms. For instance, Og‘ziga talqon solmoq, og‘ziga qatiq ivitmoq; lom-mim demaslik. Dunyoni suv bossa to‘pig‘iga chiqmaydi- beg‘am, beparvo. Phraseological unities are also often synonyms of words in English. Such as: e.g. to make a clean breast of - to confess; to get on one’s nerves - to irritate. Antonymous idioms are the idioms that are opposite to each other such as oq ko‘ngil- ichi qora, yerga ursa ko‘kka sapchiydi, qo‘y og‘zidan cho‘p olmagan. Classic literature and philosophy provide lots of examples of phraseological units, that have entered modern languages and that are widely used in an instantiable sense. There is another expression in Uzbek that we should know and remember but not mix these two expressions with each other. They are called “tasviriy ifodalar” in Uzbek. We can call them either paraphrases or “tasviriy ifodalar”. Tasviriy ifodalar address the things, events, or goods not with their real name but with the other name, we paraphrase the things or events in order to express what someone or else has said or written using different words in order to make it shorter or clearer.
At the current stage of linguistic science development and against universal tends to continuous cooperation in various areas and fields of activity, there is an urge for comparative and typological researches intended to provide a comprehensive and full-scale study of various linguistic categories. First of all, this results from the fact that features of mentality, a centuries-old history and culture of speakers of this or that language are reflected in these categories just like in a mirror.
Comparative studies of language consciousness as the certain direction of psycholinguistics started being formed in the early 1990s. As an impulse for ethnopsycholinguistic research, the methodological base of the Moscow psycholinguistic school acted. In the focus of attention of contrastive studies, there were national and cultural specifics of language consciousness. The development of new psycholinguistic approaches to studying the language material influenced all spheres of the linguistic science, in particular, methodological base of the contrastive phraseological research. The modern approaches to studying the language phraseology in comparison to other unrelated languages: Russian, English, German, French, Chinese, etc. are created in Kazakhstani comparative linguistics.
Phraseology is one among the brightest and simplest means of language; it is not unintentionally that it's figuratively called the pearl of speech. Modern phraseological research covers various problems associated with the semantics, structure and composition of phraseology, in general, with the features and rules of their functioning. “Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary” defines a phraseological unit as a general name of semantically connected combinations of words and sentences, which, unlike the initial ones within the style of syntactic structures, don’t seem to be produced in accordance with the final laws of choice and combination of words within the organization of the statement, but are reproduced in speech in a very fixed ratio of the semantic structure and a specific lexico-grammatical composition .
Phraseological units are speech revolutions consisting of two or more words, having reproducibility, stability of composition and structure, and integral meaning .
Linguists began to review somatic (from Greek soma - body) vocabulary in additional detail only at the top of XX - beginning of XXI century. The breadth of somatism links with the encircling world is explained by ontogenetic functional properties of body parts. Somatisms denote organs, parts of the build, and take a full of life part within the formation of phraseologisms. Somatic phraseology is characterized by the presence of various analogues within the languages, which is explained not only by borrowing, but also by general regularities that cause the looks of comparable in meaning phraseological units, “demonstrating the universal nature of the transfer of somatic lexemes, their functional and semantic dynamics within the composition of phraseological units ”. Somatic phraseologisms, in their main mass, represent metaphorical or metonymic turns of speech supported observations of human or animal behavior: step smb’s toes - hitting the senses .³
Translation of phraseology requires an original approach. Phraseological turns have their “mentality” - i.e. their national peculiarity and can’t be translated literally. On the opposite hand, completely rethought phraseological unity won't reflect the originality of thinking of the people. in keeping with the hypothesis of lexical relativity of Sepir-Warf “the structure of a language is that the “denotate” of the structure of thinking and therefore the way by which the addressee speaking a given language cognizes the globe around it ”. Therefore, when performing on a translation of phraseological units, it's recommended to see a similar, established phraseological unity or to use an analogy appropriate within the context. Thus, when employing a foreign language, the addressee should make sure of knowing the precise translation of words, maximally converting his speech to the natural speech of the addressee, this is often facilitated by the knowledge of phraseology from the lexicological, grammatical, stylistic, phonetic, philosophical, historical, logical and country studies points of view, a fashionable layer of phraseology, which exists in any language, incredibly decorates speech.
Let us ensure of it by conducting a comparative analysis of the structure and content of phraseological units with the “heart” component supported the semantic and stylistic classification of Academician V.V. Vinogradov the selection of the component “heart” is because of the actual fact that this somatism is characterized by high productivity and wide phraseological potential. Phraseological units with this component are quite numerous and have high frequency of use.
The somatic lexeme “soul” of Russian language in English is corresponding to the somatic lexeme “heart” with similar value allow us to consider all variants of translation of the given language unit.
Let us consider all variants of translation of a given language unit:
The heart is like an anatomic organ. for instance, “heart attack” - “сердечный приступ ” или “ heart pumps blood ” - “сердце перекачивает кровь”.
The soul is sort of a spiritual component, for instance, “in my heart I do know that she is right” -“в душе я знаю, что она права”.
Courage - like character traits, as an example, “dear heart” - “душа моя”, “любовь моя”, “сердце моё ”.
Love, affection - as an emotional component. for instance, “dear heart” - “душа моя”, “любовь моя”, “сердце моё”.
Center - from a geographic point of view. for instance, “in the center of Empire”— “в сердце империи”.
Essence, basis: “the heart of the matter”- “суть дела”.
The suit of cards is “worms” or a game kind of like whist: “queen of hearts” - “дама червей”.
The etymology of the denotate “heart” came from the Old English “heorte” – “root”, which successively became a conversion of the proto-German sort of “khertan” – “analysis”, leading to the Old English words: “heorte” and “heart”.
“Heart” in the meaning of “любовь земная и небесная, чуткость и доброта” (положительный жизненный опыт):
“lose one’s heart” - “влюбиться” – an idiom;
“steal smb’s heart” - “завоевать чьё-либо сердце” – an idiom;
“affair of the heart” - “дела сердечные”, “любовный роман” – borrowed from the French language “affaire de cœur”;
“The thanks to a man’s heart is through his stomach” - “путь к сердцу мужчины лежит через его желудок” – a proverb:
“Don‘t let your mind kill your heart and soul” - “Не позволяй своему разуму убить твое сердце и душу” - a maxim .
Our analysis has shown that the somatic lexeme “heart” is especially the organ of feelings like sincerity, love, and pain. Somatic phraseological unit is usually wont to characterize an individual's inner world. Also note that the word heart (heart) in both peoples symbolizes feelings, kindness, love. Meanwhile, the Russians more often use the word “soul”, and therefore the English – “heart”⁴.