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Chapter III. Translation problems and the ways of translating English
comparative phraseolgical units into Russian and Uzbek languages
§3.1. National -–cultural semantic components of English Comparative
Phraseological Units
Language is the chief means by which the human personality expresses itself and fulfills its basic need for social interaction with other persons. Frantz Fanon said “to speak a language is to take on a world, a culture. A person who knows a language perfectly uses a thousand and one grammar lexical, phonetic rules when he is speaking. Language skills help us to choose different words and models in our speech. By learning language we can introduce with different people‘s tradition, their culture, religious and physiological inner-world.
Nowadays a number of scholars turn their attention to the science of phraseology. One of the ideas is connected with the understanding of phraseological units as phenomena of culture, and therefore the functioning of them is investigated in cultural context. Thus phraseology has entered the sphere of sociolinguistics. In this section of our research we will investigate some cultural identities of English and Uzbek phraseological units.
One of the best definitions of phraseological units is as follows: it is a stable, coherent combination of words with partially or fully figurative meaning. Phraseological units reflect the wealth of a language displaying cultural paradigms of the speakers of a particular language. They reflect cultural archetypes of an ethno- linguistic community and help to make explicit the peculiarities of its world perception. Phraseological units as the particular units of language came into the focus of linguists` attention in the beginning of the 20th century. In the second part of the 20th century these word-combinations became the object of scientific investigation.
The field of phraseology (or idiomaticity) in any language is so varied and fascinating that one could spend an entire lifetime considering and analyzing it from various viewpoints. A phraseological unit is an established, universal and essential element that, used with care, ornaments and enriches the language.
Phraseological units are interesting because they are colorful and lively and because they are linguistic curiosities. At the same time, they are difficult because they have unpredictable meanings and grammar, and often have special connotations. Research into phraseological unit`s shows that they have important role in language.
Though there are differences in opinions, all linguists agree that phraseological units or idioms are probably “the most picturesque, colorful and expressive part of the language vocabulary, which reflect nation`s customs, traditions and prejudices, recollections of its past history, scraps of folk songs and fairy tales. But it is necessary to distinguish them from other words and phrases existing in the language”.
In the culture, there is a system of information signs (cultural codes), which is based on a person's ability to correlate events from different areas, to highlight their main characteristics. The cultural code is an important link in the linguistic cultural analysis of phraseological units. Linguistic and cultural analysis lets us to establish the relatedness of phraseological units with cultural codes - the realities that people gave cultural meaning. The cultural code - a system of signs of the material and spiritual world, became the bearers of cultural meanings, which “are read” in these signs. The main function of the cultural code is to describe the cultural space, and its form - the various signs of the material and the spiritual world. Thus, the cultural code - this is such a category, which is representative of the cultural meanings.
As we can see in the examples of native English and Uzbek phraseological units are some clear cultural distinctions of the two nations` expressing their ideas phrases. As for English phrases, they have some Proper nouns concerning to the English history and literature: according to Hoyle, Davy Jones locker. Also, the English are very rich in quotes which are taken from their greatest literary sources, such as W. Shakespeare, Ch. Dickens, Arthur Canon Doyle etc: Alas, poor Yorick! / knew him Horatio; elementary my dear, Watson. We can also witness some geographical names in their idioms - As black as Newgate’s knocker - which is very rare in Uzbek phrases. However, in Uzbek native Phraseological units there are lots of words concerning to the everyday activity of humankind. Also, there is widely used the part of the body - qattiq qo‘rqmoq,qon yutmoq, kо‘zini ochmoq, yurak yutmoq- in comparison to English phrases.
Nevertheless, one cannot reject some similarities of phrases of both languages. They are the use of some words specific to the nations` cultures only: to `ydan oldin nog`ora chalmoq, kovushini tog`rilamoq; as easy as pie, save one‘s bacon broad use of metaphor and metonymy in forming the phraseological units: bag‘ri keng, oyoq qo‘ymoq; yellow belly, a labour of love.
In this dissertation, there are given some research on peculiarities of translation and classification of phraseological units. We mainly dealt with distinctive features of English phraseological units. Because as Uzbek language speakers we have some difficulties in translation concerning to English language phraseological units.
Translating a phraseological unit is not an easy matter as it depends on several factors: different combinability of words, homonymy, and synonymy, polysemy of phraseological units and presence of falsely identical units, which makes it necessary to take into account of the context. Besides, a large number of phraseological units have a stylistic — expressive component in meaning, which usually has a specific national feature the fore cited determines the necessity to get acquainted with the main principles of the general theory of phraseology. Any type of phraseological unit can be presented as a definite micro-system. In the process of translating phraseological units, functional adequate linguistic units are selected by comparing two specific linguistic principles. These principles reveal elements of similarity and differences. Certain parts of these systems may correspond in content (completely or partially) and form or have no equivalent in target language. The main translation types of phraseological units are as follows:
-Complete conformities.
-Partial conformities.
-Absence of conformities.
Complete conformities. Complete coincidence of content and form in Phraseological conformities is come across very rarely. For instance, Fish begins to stink at the hand - Baliq boshidan sasiydi. This translation of phraseological units (proverb) is an example of complete conformity since the image of the phraseological units is the same, moreover, there is given a complete coincidence of the meaning and of the form. The example is taken from Russian language since complete conformities are very rarely found in two languages in Uzbek and English. There are several idioms that have complete conformity in Russian but there are not complete equivalents in Uzbek. For instance: Crocodile tears — yolg‘on yig‘i, shayton yig‘isi —крокодилова слеза. In the given examples, we may realize that in Russian Phraseological Units have complete conformities, however, descriptive translation is essential to be used in Uzbek. Following examples can be very good proof for what it has been said above:
-Not to look a gift horse in the mouth — berganning betiga qarama (descriptive translation) - дареному коню в зубы не смотрят (complete conformities);
-To take the bull by the horns — xiqildoqdan olish(descriptive translation)— взять быка за рога(complete conformities);
-All cats are gray in the dark — ko‘r tovuqqa hamma bug’doy(descriptive translation) - ночью все кошки серы (complete conformities).
Additionally, the following English Phraseological conformities have complete coincidence both in Russian and in Uzbek.
A bird of paradise — райская птица — jannat qushi(complete)
As brave as a lion — храбрый как лев — sherday dovyurak(complete).
Crows do not pick crow’s eyes out — ворон ворону глаз не выклюет — qarg‘a qarg‘aning ko‘zini cho‘qimaydi (complete) ,(Sulton suyagini xo`rlamas,) (descriptive translation).
When English idioms have exact equivalent in Uzbek language, compilers may encounter less problem since they don't have to give any extra explanation and context to assimilate the meaning of the phrase.
Partial conformities. Partial conformities of Phraseological Units in both English and Uzbek require grammatical, lexical and lexical-grammatical distinctions with identity of style and meaning. They are considered to be figuratively close but differ in morphological number, lexical composition and syntactic arrangement of the word order. While translating Phraseological Units into Uzbek and Russian we face phraseological units , which have complete conformity in Russian but Uzbek they coincided partially, as it has been mentioned above phraseological conformities can be translated in a different translation way. However, they are not so numerous. The specific features of every language results in these differences. For instance, “ As harmless as a dove”— кроткий как голубок — musichaday beozor. In this example we can see that in both Russian and English language dove(oq kabutar) is used to describe character, but in Uzbek language the word “musich” is used. Therefore, there is complete coincidence in Russian but partial conformity in Uzbek language. Moreover, another issue is that there is a partial conformity of phraseological units in Russian and English, while there is an absence of conformity in Uzbek and English. For example: “ To buy a pig in a poke “— покупать кота в мешке — biron bir narsani ko‘rmasdan sotib olmoq. In this example. We can see the partial conformities in English and Russian, but in Uzbek language, there is no equivalent of this idiom so it is just translated into Uzbek word by word. More examples are given below: