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a) Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russian words, word combinations and chemical terms:
глаголы (verbs): включать, определять, организовывать, приписывать, управлять, создавать, улучшать, рассматривать, на блюдать, объяснять, изобретать
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A
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В
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1. matter
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a)
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a material, type of matter
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2. structure
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b)
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a division of science
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3. composition
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c)
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a way or mariner of doing scientific work
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4. property
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d)
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5. chemistry
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e)
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6. scientific method
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0
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7. animate
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g)
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8. inanimate
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h)
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9. space
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i)
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10. ratio
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j)
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11. substance
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k)
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12. trial
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1)
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13. error
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m)
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14. branch
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n)
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15. universe
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o)
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a quality or power, or effect that belongs naturally to smth smth done wrongly, a mistake all space and the matter around us the material that makes up the world and everything in space and can be seen or touched the arrangement of various parts of which smth is made up the science studying the substances which make up the Earth, the universe and living things nonliving objects a figure showing the number of times one quantity contains another
living animals and plants
the way in which parts are formed
into a whole
an act of testing smth
smth that surrounds all objects
and continues in all directions
Revise English tenses studying grammar tables 1 and 1A in Appendix 1 and find in the text all the sentences containing 1) the perfect tenses; 2) the passive voice. Translate them into Russian.
Translate the following text into English:
Химия — это наука, которая рассматривает вопросы, связанные с веществами, их составом, свойствами и превращениями (transformations). Уже в глубокой древности человек начал использовать многие химические процессы, и в дальнейшем химия развивалась в тесной связи со всеми практическими нуждами (needs) человеческого общества (society). Древние цивилизации внесли свой вклад в развитие химии.
До XVII—XVI11 веков развитие химии шло по пути накопления (accumulation) практических знаний и экспериментальных навыков (skills). Лишь в XVIII веке начали появляться научно обоснованные начала (elements) химии.
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Современная химия подразделяется на ряд областей: неорганическую химию, изучающую свойства химических элементов и их превращений — неживую материю; органическую химию, объектом изучения которой являются соединения углерода (carbon) — живую материю; физическую химию, широко применяющую методы физики для изучения химических процессов и пр. (etc).
Химия тесно связана с биохимией, изучающей химические процессы живых организмов; геохимией, исследующей то, что химически происходит в земной коре (the Earth’s crust) и т. д. (and so on).
Listen to a short communication given by a university professor. Make notes. After that ask questions to clarify the points of the lecture you don’t understand. The expressions of clarification and the strategy of asking questions come handy. You are also given notes and words to understand the communication better.
CURIFICATION
I’m afraid it’s not quite clear what you mean by...
I’m sorry I didn’t quite follow what you said about...
I’m afraid I don’t understand what... mean(s).
When you say..., do you mean that...?
ASKING QUESTIONS
I’d like to know what/when/why/how/who/if...
Could you tell me what/when/why/how/who/if...?
I wonder what/when/why/how/who/if...
Would you tell me what/when/why/how/who/if...?
It’s interesting to know (to find out) what/when/why/how/who/if...
NOTES
most of the elements — большая часть элементов
breaking down — разложение
it’s taken for granted — принимается как должное
WORDS
to accompany — сопровождать behaviour — поведение density — плотность determination - определение
drug — лекарственное растение dye — краситель
hardness — твердость, жесткость insecticide — средство от насекомых
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liberation — высвобождение smell - запах
paint - - краска solubility — растворимость
J. В: Ladies and gentlemen! Let me begin by introducing my
self. I'm John Brown, and I’m going to teach you chemistry during the first semester. The purpose of today’s lecture is to provide an introduction to chemistry.
As you probably know, chemistry is an experimental and theoretical science, studying the composition of matter and the changes that take place in it. Let me remind you that chemical changes involve changes in composition of matter, accompanied by energy changes. Physical changes involve changes in the position, location, or size of matter without any alteration in its composition.
Energy changes may be explained as the liberation or absorption of energy in the form of light, heat, or electricity. Another thing to remember is that all forms of matter, and we’ll discuss it in detail in other lectures, consist of either pure substances or mixtures of two or more substances.
Right? What are the building blocks of matter?... Yes, they are elements. And compounds are combinations of elements. Most of the elements are metals and most of them unite with other elements and form compounds. Now, the formation of a compound from simpler substances is known as synthesis. Another process, analysis, is breaking down a compound into simpler substances or elements, and in this way determining its composition. Remember, please, that the composition of a pure substance never changes.
Furthermore, every substance has physical and chemical properties. Physical properties include... what do they include?
STUDENT: Oh... colour, smell... well, what else?... solubility, density ah... probably hardness... oh, yes and boiling and melting points.
*/• B: Right. They include colour, smell, solubility, density,
hardness, and boiling and melting points. As for cherni-
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STUDENT: J. В:
STUDENT: J. B:
cal'properties, they include the behaviour with other materials. Now, a few words about matter. It exists in three states. What are they?
Ah... solid, liquid, oh, yes, and gas, gaseous slate.
Quite true. The solid, the liquid, and the gaseous state. Usually a substance can be transformed from one state to another under the changes of its... what?
Temperature.
Yes, temperature. Let me conclude by saying that chemistry is so much a part of our lives that it’s very easily taken for granted. Metals, glass, plastics, dyes, paints, drugs, insecticides, plants, paper and a lot more are made of chemicals. Now, do you have any questions? Is everything clear?
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