М. М. Кутепова The World of Chemistry Мир

Had not it been for their assistance, she would not have completed the work. But for their assistance she would not have completed the work.


Emphasis with It


It is these properties of crystals that are the most important.
It was the Dutch physicist, Christian Huygens, who first offered an explanation for that phenomena.
It was in the laboratory where all this started.


Именно эти свойства кристаллов наиболее важны.
Именно голландский физик Кристиан Хиггинс первым предложил объяснение этих явлений.
Именно в лаборатории все это началось.


Subject Clause


2. SUPPOSITIONAL MOOD
(Предположительное наклонение)
should + Infinitive

1. 
   It is necessary
   

important
essential
recommended
advisable
likely
probable
strange

2. 
   I demand
   

command
order
advise
insist
suggest
require
propose


that you (should)* make the report.


that this law (should) be observed.


that they (should) work together.


* Note that should is often omitted.


_I

Suppostion
Necessity
Probability


Requirement
Order
► Purpose Advice


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UNIT 9

Incomplete Clauses with the Participle.
Emphatic Concessive Clauses. Elliptical Sentences

1. 
   Participle constructions introduced by preposition with are widely used in English scientific and technical literature. They are similar to absolute participle construction (see grammar tables to Unit 7) and express accompanying circumstances or a reason and are translated in the same way:
   

With the isomerization preceding the Поскольку до реакции происходила reaction, the yields were very low. изомеризация, выходы были очень
низкие.
You may often come across participle constructions with preposition with missing being.
There is a rather high temperature Температурный коэффициент про- coefficient for activation with a tern- цесса активации довольно высок, perature optimum at about 35°C. а температурный оппгимум нахо
дится около 35°С.

2. 
   a) In emphatic concessive clauses the compound nominal predicate occupies the first place and is expressed by an adjective or an adverb followed by conjunction as, though or with preceding however:
   

Hard as it is, the experiment should be made.
Late though it was, the laboratory was open.
However difficult this experiment is,
the one made last week was more difficult.


Как ни трудно, эксперимент должен быть сделан.
Хотя и поздно, лаборатория была открыта.
Как бы ни был труден этот эксперимент, тот, который был сделан на прошлой неделе, был более трудным.


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b) Concessive clauses expressing additional nuance of possibility begins with a pronoun or adverb with ever. They may be used with verbs may/might or without them. In translation into Russian these verbs are usually omitted.

You are a great specialist, whatever Вы — большой специалист, что бы other people (may) say. люди пи говорили.

3. 
   Elliptical sentences and their translation into Russian:
   

The rock contains little, if any, ground water.
This relationship seldom, if ever, occurs in the actual atmosphere.
The observations provide evidence that the atmosphere on the Mercury must be of extreme rarity, if any at all.


Скальная порода содержит мало, если вообще содержит, почвенной воды.
Эта взаимосвязь редко встречается в атмосфере, если вообще встречается.
Наблюдения свидетельствуют о том, что атмосфера на Меркурии — явление исключительно редкое, если она вообще существует.

4. 
   Inverted word order is widely used in scientific literature to emphasize structural part of a sentence. The first place is occupied by the part of the sentence being emphasized, and this leads to the inverted word order Inverted word order in the sentence may be due to some adverbs and conjunctions: only, hardly... when, scarcely... when, no sooner than, not only... but also, nowhere, neither... nor, never.
   

Only yesterday was he told about the exam.
Never does she come in time.
Only with this substance can this compound be tasted.
No sooner had he started the experiment than he was interrupted.
Never had I listened to such an interesting lecture.
Hardly had I begun the experiment when the baker was broken.
Not only did he explain the law again, but he also helped us to write the formula.
So little did she say that none could follow her.
Nowhere could I find the book on this subject.
Neither the students nor the teachers were allowed to enter the laboratory after the explosion.


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UNIT 10

Construction there is (there are). Use of the Attribute.
Comparative Construction. Object Clauses and
Adverbial Clauses in Subjunctive Mood

1. 
   The translation of the sentences with the construction there is (there are) or there +- verb should be started with an adverbial modifier of place, if there is one. The construction there is (there are) is translated as есть, существует, находится:
   

There is some discrepancy in the Существуют (есть) некоторые рас- results obtained. хождения в полученных резуль
татах.


Some other intransitive verbs may be used with this construction: exist, come and some other, and verbs in the passive voice as well:


There exist many different ways to liquefy gases.
There has been recently developed a
new method in the laboratory of ultrasound.


Существует (есть) много различ-
ных способов сжижения газов.
В лаборатории ультразвука недавно был разработан новый метод.


If in the sentence with the construction there is the subject is characterized by participle I, this participle is translated by a finite form of the verb, i. e. by predicate:
There is some force acting on the На эту частицу действует какая-то particle. сила.
If in the sentence with the construction there is the subject is characterized by the infinitive, then the infinitive is translated by a finite form of the verb, i. e. by predicate with modal meaning:
There are many measurements to be Следует сделать много измерений, made.

2. 
   The attribute does not have a definite place in the sentence. It may characterize any part of the sentence which is expressed by a noun. One of the important attributes is the so-called “right-hand attribute” which is expressed by a noun with a preposition. The meanings
   

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of these word combinations are not always easily understood from the meanings of the noun and preposition, that is why it is necessary to memorize them and use the methods of translation given below:
The problem under consideration. Проблема (вопрос), которая(ый)
рассматривается.
Some other examples of the phenomenon are given:
the method in use; the program under development/discussion; the theory in existence; the equipment in operation; the chemicals in production; the work of great importance/significance/interest; the glassware in common use; the paper in question (статья, о которой идет речь)

3. 
   The comparative construction with the... the.
   

1. 
   The construction the + adjective/adverb in the comparative degree is translated into Russian using чем T- adjective/adverb in the comparative degree, тем + adjective/adverb in the comparative degree:
   

The sooner the better. Чем скорее, тем лучше.
The more we leam, the more we know. Чем больше мы учим, тем больше
мы знаем.

2. 
   If the construction with the... the follows the subject, it is translated by тем + adjective/adverb in the comparative degree, чем + adjective/adverb in the comparative degree:
   

The reaction proceeds the quicker, Реакция протекает тем быстрее, the finer are the reactants divided. чем тоньше измельченные реагенты.

4. 
   Some additional phenomena of English syntax in subjunctive mood: a) Object clauses (after to wish) express the action as desirable, suppositional, doubtful or contradicting the reality.
   

I wish they would go to the conference. Мне хотелось бы, чтобы они поехали на конференцию.
The action in this case refers to the present or future (desirable and suppositional):
I wish 1 had made the experiment Как жаль, что я не провел экспе- two days ago. римент два дня назад.
This action refers to the past.


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b) Adverbial clauses beginning with the conjunction as if (as though):

He speaks as if he knew the subject Он говорит гак, как будто знает very well. этот предмет очень хорошо.
This action refers to the present.
He speaks about it as if he had seen Он говорит об этом так, как будто the experiment himself. видел этот опыт сам.
This action refers to the past.

Lexical Material

FIRST YEAR