161
(the study of conversation) brings into focus the mechanisms which combine texts
as single contributions into a set of relevant texts directed to each other, reveal the
standards of textuality (cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability,
situationality, intertextuality, informativity) (M. Coulthard).
In the field of linguistics proper, i.e. philology, the text was generally
considered a marginal entity until it became hard to ignore any longer. Thus,
comparing word order in ancient and modern languages H. Weil detected another
principle besides grammar: the relations of “thoughts” to each other evidently
affect the arrangement of words in sentences. His investigations were renewed by
Czech linguists (“Prague School”) under the notion of
functional sentence
perspective.
The first large-scale inquiry into text organization was performed by R.
Harweg within the
descriptive structural approach
. R. Harweg postulated that
texts are hold together by the mechanism of “substitution” (one expression
following up another one of the same sense and thus forming a cohesive or
coherent relationship). His notion of “substitution” is extraordinary broad and
complex,
subsuming
relationships
such
as
synonymy,
class/instance,
subclass/superclass, cause/effect, part/whole. The main tendencies of the text
studies within the structural approach are as follows: the text was defined as a unit
larger than the sentence (K. Pike), research proceeded by discovering types of text
structures and classifying them in some sort of scheme.
The transformational generative grammar approach combined with the basic
principles of cognitive psychology
provides a process-oriented model of the text,
i.e. the model of text generating (T.A. van Dirk, I. Mel’cuk, A. Zolkovskiy). T.A.
van Dirk introduced the notion of macrostructure: a statement of the content of a
text, and reasoned that the generating of a text must begin with a main idea which
gradually evolves into the detailed meanings that enter sentences with the help of
“literary operations”. When a text is presented, there must be operations which
work in the other direction to extract the main idea back out again. Thus, the main
concern of T.A. van Dirk’s study is to describe cognitive processes that can render
texts “literary”. A different line has been adopted in the work of I. Mel’cuk. He
argues that the central operation of a text model should be the transition between
“meaning” and text, i.e. how meaning is expressed in a text or abstracted out of a
text, which is possible due to the speaker’s/hearer’s ability to express/identify one
and the same idea in a number of synonymous utterances. Thus, I. Mel’cuk
adopts the text model as that one of meaning representation in cognitive
continuity. All the discussed trends of the text study illustrate the evolution in
theory and method of text linguistics.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: