Resisting Situational Influences and Celebrating Heroism
H E R O I C C O N T R A S T S : T H E E X T R A O R D I N A R Y
V E R S U S T H E B A N A L
Fame is no plant that grows on mortal soil.
—John Milton
To the traditionally accepted notion that heroes are exceptional people, we can
now add an opposing perspective—that some heroes are ordinary people who
have done something extraordinary. The first image is the more romantic and is
favored in ancient myth and modern media. It suggests that the hero has done
something that ordinary people in the same position would not or could not have
done. These superstars must have been born with a hero gene. They are the ex-
ception to the rule.
A second perspective, which we might call "the rule is the exception," directs
us to examine the interaction between situation and person, the dynamic that im-
pelled an individual to act heroically at a particular time and place. A situation
may act either as a catalyst, encouraging action, or it may reduce barriers to ac-
tion, such as the formation of a collective social support network. It is remarkable
that in most instances people who have engaged in heroic action repeatedly reject
the name of hero, as we saw was the case with Christina Maslach.
Such doers of heroic deeds typically argue that they were simply taking an
action that seemed necessary at the time. They are convinced that anybody would
have acted similarly, or else they find it difficult to understand why others did not.
Nelson Mandela has said, "I was not a messiah, but an ordinary man who had be-
come a leader because of extraordinary circumstances."
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Phrases like this are
used by people at all levels of society who have acted heroically: "It was nothing
special"; "I did what had to be done." These are the refrains of the "ordinary" or
everyday warrior, our "banal hero." Let's contrast such positive banality with
what Hannah Arendt has taught us to call "the banality of evil."
On the Banality of Evil
This concept emerged from Arendt's observations at the trial of Adolf Eichmann,
indicted for crimes against humanity because he helped to orchestrate the geno-
cide of European Jews. In Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil,
Arendt formulates the idea that such individuals should not be viewed as excep-
tions, as monsters, or as perverted sadists. She argues that such dispositional at-
tributes, typically applied to perpetrators of evil deeds, serves to set them apart
from the rest of the human community. Instead, Eichmann and others like him,
Arendt says, should be exposed in their very ordinariness. When we realize this,
we become more aware that such people are a pervasive, hidden danger in all so-
cieties. Eichmann's defense was that he was simply following orders. Of this mass
murderer's motives and conscience, Arendt notes:
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