Resisting Situational Influences and Celebrating Heroism
477
actions stopped much of the torture and abuse and led to significant changes in
the way the Abu Ghraib Prison was r u n .
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But not everyone thinks that what Darby did was the right thing to do. For
many, even in his hometown in the Allegheny Mountains, Darby's calling atten-
tion to the abuses was unpatriotic, un-American, and even faintly treasonous.
"Hero a Two-Timing Rat, " ran a headline in the New York Post. Even those who are
not angry at his whistle-blowing are surprised that he could be a hero because he
was such an ordinary kid from a poor family, an average student and even bullied
in school. Darby's high school history teacher and football coach, Robert Ewing,
a Vietnam veteran, eloquently summed up the mixed reactions:
Some people are upset with what he did—ratting them out—and also be-
cause of what happened to those contractors, the beheading. They might
say what the guards did pales in comparison. B u t . . . if we as a country, as
a culture, believe certain values then you can't excuse that behavior. If I
ever do see him again, I'll tell him I'm very proud. And as time goes on,
most Americans are going to realize that, t o o .
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I helped arrange for Darby to receive a Presidential Citation from the Ameri-
can Psychological Association in 2 0 0 4 . He was unable to accept this honor per-
sonally because he, his wife, and his mother had to remain in military protective
custody for several years in the wake of the many retaliation threats they re-
ceived. Darby was finally recognized as a hero nationally when he received the
2 0 0 5 John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award. In bestowing the award, Caro-
line Kennedy, president of the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation, said, "Indi-
viduals who are willing to take personal risk to further the national interest and
uphold the values of American democracy should be recognized and encouraged
in all parts of government. Our nation is indebted to U.S. Army Specialist Joseph
Darby for standing up for the rule of law that we embrace as a nation."
Challenges to authority systems are not gender-bound; women are as likely
to blow the whistle against crimes and injustice as men are. Time magazine hon-
ored three such women in choosing its "Persons of the Year" ( 2 0 0 2 ) for their bold
confrontation of major corporate fraud and FBI incompetence. Cynthia Cooper,
an internal auditor at WorldCom, was responsible for revealing fraudulent ac-
counting practices that kept $ 3 . 8 billion of losses off the company's books. After
months of intensive investigation, often conducted during the night to avoid de-
tection, Cooper and her team of auditors exposed the deceptive practices, which
resulted in the firing and indictment of senior company officers.
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Sherron Watkins, a vice president at the high-flying Enron Corporation, also
blew the whistle on the extensive corporate corruption taking place there, which
involved "cooking the books" to give the appearance of great success to cover up
failure. The formerly reputable Arthur Andersen accounting firm was also impli-
cated in the huge s c a n d a l .
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An FBI staff attorney, Colleen Rowley, blew the whis-
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