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The Lucifer Effect
archetypal war h e r o .
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Achilles' engagement in combat was based on his commit-
ment to a military code that defined his actions as gallant. Yet, while his acts were
heroic, his overriding motivation was the pursuit of glory and renown that would
make him immortal in the minds of men after his death.
The historian Lucy Hughes-Hallett argued that "A hero may sacrifice himself
so that others might live, or so that he himself may live forever in other's memo-
ries.... Achilles will give anything, including life itself, to assert his own unique-
ness, to endow his particular life with significance, and to escape oblivion."
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The
desire to risk one's physical being in exchange for lasting recognition across gen-
erations may seem a relic from another era, yet it still warrants serious consider-
ation in our evaluation of modern heroic behavior.
This historical view of the hero also suggests that there is something innately
special about heroes. Hughes-Hallett wrote, "There are men, wrote Aristotle, so
godlike, so exceptional, that they naturally, by right of their extraordinary gifts,
transcend all moral judgment or constitutional control: 'There is no law which
embraces men of that caliber: they are themselves law.' " One definition of hero-
ism arises from this Aristotelian conception: "It is the expression of a superb
spirit. It is associated with courage and integrity and a disdain for the cramping
compromises by means of which the unheroic majority manage their lives—
attributes that are widely considered noble.... [Heroes are] capable of something
momentous—the defeat of an enemy, the salvation of a race, the preservation of
a political system, the completion of a voyage—which no one else [italics added]
could have accomplished."
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This concept of conspicuous service that distinguishes a warrior from his
peers persists to this day in our military services. The U.S. Department of Defense
recognizes heroism by awarding a number of medals for acts considered to be
above and beyond the call of duty. The highest of these is the Medal of Honor,
which has been awarded to about 3 , 4 0 0 soldiers.
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Rules governing the Medal of
Honor emphasize the role of gallantry and intrepidity, the willingness to enter
into the heart of a battle without flinching that clearly distinguishes the indi-
vidual's performance from that of his fellow soldiers.
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Similarly, the British mili-
tary awards the Victoria Cross as its highest medal for heroism, defined as valorous
conduct in the face of an enemy.
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The ideal of the military hero is clearly echoed in other contexts, and it in-
cludes those who routinely risk their health and lives in the line of duty, such as
police officers, firefighters, and paramedics. The insignia worn by firefighters is a
version of the Maltese Cross, a symbolic acknowledgment of the creed of heroic
service that Knights of Malta were sworn to live by in the Middle Ages. The Mal-
tese Cross in its original form remains a symbol of gallantry for the military in the
British Victoria Cross, and from 1 9 1 9 to 1 9 4 2 in the U.S. Navy's version of the
Medal of Honor, the Tiffany Cross.
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