The Lucifer Effect
Parallels with the Guards in the Stanford Prison Experiment
Now that we have surveyed the work setting, we c a n begin to see parallels be-
tween the psychological states experienced by Chip Frederick and his fellow
guards with those of the guards in the Stanford Prison Experiment. Deindividua-
tion processes created by anonymity of person and anonymity of place are evi-
dent. Dehumanization of prisoners is apparent by virtue of their sheer numbers,
enforced nakedness, and uniform appearance, as well as by the guards' inability
to understand their language. One of the night shift MPs, Ken Davis, reported in
a later television documentary about how dehumanization had been bred into
their thinking: "We were never trained to be guards. The higher-ups said, 'Use
your imagination. Break them. We want them broke by the time we come back.'
As soon as we'd have prisoners come in, sandbags instantly on their head. They
would flexicuff 'em; throw 'em down to the ground; some would be stripped. It
was told to all of us, they're nothing but dogs [familiar phrase?]. So you start
breeding that picture to people, then all of a sudden, you start looking at these
people as less than human, and you start doing things to 'em that you would
never dream of. And that's where it got s c a r y . "
3 6
Boredom operated in both prison settings, bred by long shift hours on those
nights when everything was under control. Boredom was a potent motivator to
take actions that might bring some excitement, some controlled sensation seek-
ing. Both sets of guards decided on their own initiative "to make things happen"
that they thought would be interesting or fun.
All this was aggravated, of course, by the lack of mission-specific training for
a difficult and complex job and the lack of oversight by a supervisory staff, which
rendered accountability unnecessary. In both prisons, the system's operatives
gave permission for the guards to maintain total power over the prisoners. In ad-
dition, the guards feared that the prisoners would escape or riot, as did our Stan-
ford guards, although of course with less deadly consequences. Obviously, Abu
Ghraib Prison was a far more lethal environment than our relatively benign
prison at Stanford. However, as the experiment showed, the abusiveness of guards
and their aggression toward the prisoners escalated nightly, culminating in a se-
ries of sexual, homophobic acts imposed upon the prisoners. The same was true,
in even more perverse and extreme ways, on Tier 1A. Moreover, in both cases,
the worst abuses occurred during the night shift, when the guards felt that the
authorities noticed them least; thus, free from their elemental constraints.
It should be made clear that such situational forces as those described here
did not directly prod the guards into doing bad things, as in the Milgram research
paradigm. Except for the encouragement given by some civilian interrogators to
"soften up" detainees in order to render them vulnerable, it was the situational
forces at Abu Ghraib—as in the Stanford prison—that created freedom from the
usual social and moral constraints on abusive actions. It became apparent to both
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