Abu Ghraib's Abuses and T o r t u r e s
3 5 1
around on tables outside the tier smoking and talking. This must be added to all
the other sources of Chip Frederick's constant frustrations and stress in running
a secure facility.
Prisoners regularly assaulted the guards verbally and physically; some threw
feces at them, and others used their long fingernails to scratch the guards' faces.
One of the most frightening and unexpected series of events on the tier happened
on November 2 4 , 2 0 0 3 , when Iraqi police smuggled a handgun, ammo, and bay-
onets into the cell of a suspected Syrian insurgent. Chip's small force had a shoot-
out with him, and they were able to subdue him without killing him. However,
that event raised the bar for everyone in that place to be eternally vigilant and
even more fearful of lethal attacks against them.
Prisoner riots occurred over the poor quality of the food, which was often
inedible and insufficient. Riots were also likely to erupt when mortar attacks ex-
ploded nearby in Abu Ghraib's "soft site." As noted earlier, the facility was under
daily bombardment, and both guards and prisoners were wounded and some
killed by these mortar attacks. "I was always fearful," Chip confessed to me. "The
mortar and rocket attacks and the firelights were very scary for me. I had never
been in a combat zone before Iraq." Nevertheless, he had to suck it up and act
brave, given his position of authority over the detainees, his fellow MPs, and the
Iraqi police. The situation demanded that Chip Frederick pretend not to be afraid
but instead to appear calm, cool, and collected. This conflict between his outer,
seemingly composed manner and his inner turmoil worsened as more inmates
were constantly added to the ranks and demands from higher-ups escalated to get
more "actionable intelligence" from the detainees.
In addition to his bottled-up fear, Chip Frederick endured the stress and ex-
haustion generated by the excessive demands of this complex new job, for which
he was totally unprepared and untrained. Consider, too, the wide discrepancy be-
tween his core values—order, neatness, and cleanliness—and the chaos, filth,
and disorder that surrounded him all the time. Although he was supposed to be in
charge of the entire compound, he reported that he had felt "weak" because "no
one would work with me. I couldn't make any changes about how to run this
place." He also began to feel anonymous because "no one was listening to my po-
sition. It was clear that there was no accountability." Moreover, the physical set-
ting in which he found himself conferred total anonymity by its barren ugliness.
Anonymity of place combined with anonymity of person, given that it became
the norm to stop wearing their full military uniforms while on duty. And all
around them, most visitors and the civilian interrogators came and went un-
named. No one in charge was readily identifiable, and the seemingly endless mass
of prisoners, wearing orange jumpsuits or totally naked, were also indistinguish-
able from one another. It was as extreme a setting for creating deindividuation as
I can imagine.
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