The Lucifer Effect
Craig contacted 8612's girlfriend, who quickly came by and collected him
and his belongings. Craig reminded the two of them that if this distress contin-
ued, he could visit Student Health in the morning because we had arranged for
some of its staff to help deal with any such reactions.
Fortunately, Craig made the right decision based on both humane considera-
tions and legal ones. It was also the right decision considering the probable nega-
tive effect on the staff and inmates of keeping 8612 imprisoned in his state of
emotional disarray. However, when Craig later informed Curt and me about his
decision to release 8612, we were skeptical and thought that he had been taken
in, conned by a good acting job. However, after a long discussion of all the evi-
dence, we agreed that he had done the right thing. But then we had to explain
why this extreme reaction had occurred so suddenly, almost at the very start of
our two-week adventure. Even though personality tests had revealed no hint of
mental instability, we persuaded ourselves that the emotional distress 8612 re-
vealed was the product of his overly sensitive personality and his over reaction to
our simulated prison conditions. Together Craig, Curt, and I engaged in a bit of
"groupthink," advancing the rationalization that there must have been a flaw in
our selection process that had allowed such a "damaged" person to slip by our
screening—while ignoring the other possibility that the situational forces operat-
ing in this prison simulation had become overwhelming for him.
Consider, for a moment, the meaning of that judgment. Here we were in the
midst of a study designed to demonstrate the power of situational forces over dis-
positional tendencies, yet we were making a dispositional attribution!
In retrospect, Craig expressed the fallacy in our thinking aptly: "It was only
later that we appreciated this obvious irony, that we had 'dispositionally ex-
plained' the first truly unexpected and extraordinary demonstration of situa-
tional power in our study by resorting to precisely the kind of thinking we had
designed the study to challenge and critique."
1 4
Confusion remained about 8612's ulterior motives. On the one hand, we
wondered, was he really out of control, suffering from an extreme stress reaction,
and so of course had to be released? Alternatively, had he started out by pretend-
ing to be "crazy," knowing that if he did a good job, we would have to release him?
It might be that, in spite of himself, he had ended up temporarily "crazed" by his
over-the-top method acting. In a later report, 8612 complicates any simple un-
derstanding of his reactions: "I left when I should have stayed. That was very bad.
The revolution isn't going to be fun, and I must see that. I should have stayed be-
cause it helps the fascists knowing that [revolutionary] leaders will desert when
things get rough, that they are just manipulators. And I should have fought for
what was right, and not thought of my interests."
1 5
Shortly after 8612 was terminated, one of the guards overheard the prison-
ers in Cell 2 discussing a plot in which Doug would return the next day with a
band of his buddies to trash our prison and liberate the prisoners. It sounded to
me like a far-fetched rumor until a guard reported seeing 8612 sneaking around
Monday's Prisoner Rebellion 79
the hallways of the Psychology Department the next morning. I ordered the
guards to capture him and return him to the prison since he had probably been
released under false pretenses: not sick, just tricking us. Now I knew that I had to
prepare for an all-out assault on my prison. How could we avert a major violent
confrontation? What could we do to keep our prison functioning—and oh, yes,
our experiment also continuing?
CHAPTER FIVE
Tuesday's Double Trouble:
Visitors and Rioters
Our prisoners are looking raggedy and bleary-eyed, and our little prison is be-
ginning to smell like a men's toilet in a New York subway station. Seems that some
guards have made toilet visits a privilege to be awarded infrequently and never
after lights out. During the night, prisoners have to urinate and defecate in buck-
ets in their cells, and some guards refuse to allow them to be emptied till morning.
Complaints are coming fast and furiously from many of the prisoners. 8612's
breakdown of last night seemed to create a ripple effect among the prisoners, who
talked about not being able to take it anymore—according to what we were pick-
ing up from their bugged cells.
With that as our canvas, we had to paint a brighter picture for the parents,
friends, and girlfriends of the prisoners who would be coming to visit tonight. As
a parent, I surely would not let my son continue in such a place if I saw such ex-
haustion and obvious signs of stress after only three days. Contemplating ways to
cope with that impending challenge had to take a backseat to the more urgent
issue of the rumored break-in by rioters that 8612 could bring down upon us at
any time. Perhaps it would come today, maybe even synchronized with visiting
hours, when we would be most vulnerable.
The day is just beginning for the morning shift at 2 A.M. Apparently the night
shift has hung around and all six guards are on the Yard at the same time after
they have conferred in the guards' quarters about the need for stricter rules to
control the prisoners and prevent more rebellions.
Seeing them all together makes clear that size does matter in deciding who
will emerge as shift leader. The tallest guards are Hellmann, leader of the night
shift; Vandy, moving into leadership of the morning shift; and Arnett, day shift
majordomo. The shortest guards, Burdan and Ceros, have become henchmen of
their shift leaders. Both are very bossy, quite aggressive vocally—shouting in the
prisoners' faces—and decidedly more physical with the prisoners. They push
Tuesday's Double Trouble 81
them around, poke them, pull them out of lineups, and are the ones who drag re-
luctant prisoners into solitary. We are getting reports that they sometimes trip
prisoners down the stairs when walking them to the toilet or push them into the
wall urinals when they are alone with them in the bathroom. It is evident that
they love their nightsticks. They are constantly holding the billy clubs close to
their chests, banging them against the bars and the doors or on the table to loudly
make their presence known. Some analysts might claim that they are using their
weapons to compensate for their smaller stature. But whatever the psychological
dynamic involved, it is clear that they are becoming the meanest of the guards.
However, Markus and Varnish, who are also on the shorter side, have been
relatively passive, much quieter, less vocal, and less active than the rest. I have
asked the warden to make them more assertive. The Landry brothers are an inter-
esting pair. Geoff Landry is a bit taller than Hellmann and has vied with him for
dominance on the night shift, but he is no match for the creative exercises that
our budding John Wayne continually concocted. Instead, he moves in to give or-
ders and to exercise control, then drifts back and out of the scene over and over
again in a kind of vacillation that's not seen in any other guard. Tonight he is
not carrying his nightstick at all; later on he even removes his silver reflecting
sunglasses—a big no-no, according to our experimental protocol. His shorter
brother, John, has been tough on the prisoners, but he is nevertheless "going by
the book." He is not aggressively excessive, as Arnett is, but he does usually back
up the boss with firm, no-nonsense orders.
The prisoners are all about the same average height, about five-eight to five-
ten, except for Glenn-3401, who is the shortest of all, around five-two, and tall
Paul-5 704, who is tallest at maybe six feet two. Interestingly, 5704 is moving into
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