The Lucifer Effect
what is now known about the developmental plasticity of the human brain to the
"plasticity" of human nature.
2
What we are is shaped both by the broad systems that govern our lives—
wealth and poverty, geography and climate, historical epoch, cultural, political
and religious dominance—and by the specific situations we deal with daily. Those
forces in turn interact with our basic biology and personality. I have argued ear-
lier that the potential for perversion is inherent in the complexity of the h u m a n
mind. The impulse toward evil and the impulse toward good together comprise
the most fundamental duality in human nature. This conception offers a com-
plex, richer portrait of the pride and puzzles in human actions.
We have examined the power of group conformity and obedience to authority
that can dominate and subvert individual initiative. Next, we add insights from
research into the domains of deindividuation, dehumanization, and bystander
apathy, or the "evil of inaction." This information will complete the foundation
for us to fully appreciate how ordinary, good individuals—perhaps even you, gen-
tle reader—can be led at times to do bad things to others, even bad deeds that
violate any sense of common decency or morality.
D E I N D I V I D U A T I O N : A N O N Y M I T Y A N D D E S T R U C T I V E N E S S
William Golding's novel Lord of the Flies asks how a simple change in one's exter-
nal appearance can trigger dramatic changes in overt behavior. Good British
choirboys are transformed into murderous little beasts by simply painting their
faces. When food runs out on their desert island, a group of boys, led by Jack Mer-
ridew, try to kill a pig—but they c a n ' t complete the act because killing has been
inhibited by their Christian morality. Then Jack decides to paint his face into a
mask, and as he does, a frightening metamorphosis occurs as he sees his reflec-
tion in the water:
He looked in astonishment, no longer at himself but at an awesome
stranger. He spilt the water and leapt to his feet, laughing excitedly. Beside
the pool his sinewy body held up a mask that drew their eyes and appalled
them [the other boys]. He began to dance and his laughter became a blood-
thirsty snarling. He capered toward Bill, and the mask was a thing on its
own, behind which Jack hid, liberated from shame and self-consciousness.
After the other boys in Jack's gang also disguise themselves with painted
masks, they are readily able to "Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood."
3
Once
that alien deed of killing another creature is accomplished, they then relish the
fun of killing both animals and their human enemies, notably the intellectual boy
nicknamed "Piggy." Might makes right, and all hell breaks loose as Ralph, the
good-boy leader, is hunted down by the herd.
Is there any psychological validity to the notion that disguising one's exter-
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |