Bog'liq The Lucifer Effect Understanding How Good People Turn Evil ( PDFDrive )
Investigating Social Dynamics 279
"placed the applicant under such intense psychological strain that he did not per-
form satisfactorily and consequently failed to get the job." In addition, they were
told by the researchers to continue despite any protests from the applicant. Any
dissent by the participant-administrators was countered with up to four prods by
the experimenter to continue the hostile remarks before they were finally permit-
ted to stop if they were adamant. Finally, and most significantly, the subjects were
informed that the ability to work under stress was not an essential job require-
ment, but the procedure had to be followed because it assisted the experimenter's
research project, which was studying how stress affects test performance. Caus-
ing distress and hurting another person's job chances had no further use than the
researcher's collection of some data. In the control condition, subjects could stop
making the stress remarks at any point they chose.
When asked to predict whether they would make all the stress remarks under
these circumstances, more than 90 percent of a separate set of comparable Dutch
respondents said they would not comply. Again, the "outsider's view" was way off
base: fully 91 percent of the subjects obeyed the authoritative experiment to the
very end of the line. This same degree of extreme obedience held up even when
personnel officers were used as the subjects despite their professional code of
ethics for dealing with clients. Similarly high obedience was found when subjects
were sent advance information several weeks before their appearance at the labo-
ratory so that they had time to reflect on the nature of their potentially hostile
role.
How might we generate disobedience in this setting? You can choose among
several options: Have several peers rebel before the subject's turn, as in Milgram's
study. Or notify the subject of his or her legal liability if the applicant-victim were
harmed and sued the university. Or eliminate the authority pressure to go all the
way, as in the control condition of this research—where no one fully obeyed.
Sexual Obedience to Authority: The Strip-Search Scam
"Strip-search scams" have been perpetrated in a number of fast-food restaurant
chains throughout the United States. This phenomenon demonstrates the perva-
siveness of obedience to an anonymous but seemingly important authority. The
modus operandi is for an assistant store manager to be called to the phone by a
male caller who identifies himself as a police officer named, say, "Scott." He needs
their urgent help with a case of employee theft at that restaurant. He insists on
being called "Sir" in their conversation. Earlier he has gotten relevant inside infor-
mation about store procedures and local details. He also knows how to solicit the
information he wants through skillfully guided questions, as stage magicians and
"mind readers" do. He is a good con man.
Ultimately Officer "Scott" solicits from the assistant manager the name of the
attractive young new employee who, he says, has been stealing from the shop and
is believed to have contraband on her now. He wants her to be isolated in the rear
room and held until he or his men can pick her up. The employee is detained there