Bog'liq The Lucifer Effect Understanding How Good People Turn Evil ( PDFDrive )
Investigating Social D y n a m i c s 2 7 5
exchange for citizens giving up their freedoms, which will give them the
ability to control things better.
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Such procedures are utilized in varied influence situations where those in
authority want others to do their bidding but know that few would engage in the
"end game" without first being properly prepared psychologically to do the "un-
thinkable." In the future, when you are in a compromising position where your
compliance is at stake, thinking back to these stepping-stones to mindless obedi-
ence may enable you to step back and not go all the way down the path—their path. A good way to avoid crimes of obedience is to assert one's personal authority
and always take full responsibility for one's a c t i o n s .
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Replications and Extensions of t h e Milgram Obedience Model
Because of its structural design and its detailed protocol, the basic Milgram obe-
dience experiment encouraged replication by independent investigators in many
countries. A recent comparative analysis was made of the rates of obedience in
eight studies conducted in the United States and nine replications in European,
African, and Asian countries. There were comparably high levels of compliance
by research volunteers in these different studies and nations. The majority obedi-
ence effect of a mean 61 percent found in the U.S. replications was matched by
the 66 percent obedience rate found across all the other national samples. The
range of obedience went from a low of 31 percent to a high of 91 percent in the
U.S. studies, and from a low of 28 percent (Australia) to a high of 88 percent
(South Africa) in the cross-national replications. There was also stability of obedi-
ence over decades of time as well as over place. There was no association between
when a study was done (between 1 9 6 3 and 1 9 8 5 ) and degree of obedience.
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Obedience to a Powerful Legitimate Authority
In the original obedience studies, the subjects conferred authority status on the
person conducting the experiment because he was in an institutional setting and
was dressed and acted like a serious scientist, even though he was only a high
school biology teacher paid to play that role. His power c a m e from being perceived
as a representative of an authority system. (In Milgram's Bridgeport replication
described earlier, the absence of the prestigious institutional setting of Yale re-
duced the obedience rate to 4 7 . 5 percent compared to 65 percent at Yale, al-
though this drop was not a statistically significant one.) Several later studies
showed how powerful the obedience effect can be when legitimate authorities ex-
ercise their power within their power domains.
When a college professor was the authority figure telling college student vol-
unteers that their task was to train a puppy by conditioning its behavior using
electric shocks, he elicited 75 percent obedience from them. In this experiment,
both the "experimenter-teacher" and the "learner" were "authentic." That is, col-
lege students acted as the teacher, attempting to condition a cuddly little puppy,