Investigating Social D y n a m i c s
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can citizens, of widely varying ages and occupations and of both genders, it was
possible to elicit low, medium, or high levels of compliant obedience with a flick of
the situational switch—as if one were simply turning a "human nature dial"
within their psyches. This large sample of a thousand ordinary citizens from such
varied backgrounds makes the results of the Milgram obedience studies among
the most generalizable in all the social sciences.
When you think of the long and gloomy history of man, you
will find far more hideous crimes have been committed in the
name of obedience than have been committed in the name of
rebellion.
—C. P. Snow, "Either-Or" ( 1 9 6 1 )
Ten Lessons from the Milgram Studies: Creating Evil Traps for Good People
Let's outline some of the procedures in this research paradigm that seduced many
ordinary citizens to engage in this apparently harmful behavior. In doing so, I
want to draw parallels to compliance strategies used by "influence professionals"
in real-world settings, such as salespeople, cult and military recruiters, media ad-
vertisers, and o t h e r s .
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There are ten methods we can extract from Milgram's
paradigm for this purpose:
1. Prearranging some form of contractual obligation, verbal or written, to
control the individual's behavior in pseudolegal fashion. (In Milgram's ex-
periment, this was done by publicly agreeing to accept the tasks and the
procedures.)
2. Giving participants meaningful roles to play ("teacher," "learner") that
carry with them previously learned positive values and automatically ac-
tivate response scripts.
3. Presenting basic rules to be followed that seem to make sense before their
actual use but can then be used arbitrarily and impersonally to justify
mindless compliance. Also, systems control people by making their rules
vague and changing them as necessary but insisting that "rules are rules"
and thus must be followed (as the researcher in the lab coat did in Mil-
gram's experiment or the SPE guards did to force prisoner Clay-416 to eat
the sausages).
4. Altering the semantics of the act, the actor, and the action (from "hurting
victims" to "helping the experimenter," punishing the former for the lofty
goal of scientific discovery)—replacing unpleasant reality with desirable
rhetoric, gilding the frame so that the real picture is disguised. (We can see
the same semantic framing at work in advertising, where, for example,
bad-tasting mouthwash is framed as good for you because it kills germs
and tastes like medicine is expected to taste.)
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