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The Lucifer Effect
solved by coming to believe that the group was right and their perception was
wrong! All those who yielded underestimated how much they had conformed, re-
calling yielding much less to the group pressure than had actually been the case.
They remained independent—in their minds but not in their actions.
Follow-up studies showed that, when pitted against just one person giving an
incorrect judgment, a participant exhibits some uneasiness but maintains inde-
pendence. However, with a majority of three people opposed to him, errors rose to
32 percent. On a more optimistic note, however, Asch found one powerful way to
promote independence. By giving the subject a partner whose views were in line
with his, the power of the majority was greatly diminished. Peer support de-
creased errors to one fourth of what they had been when there was no partner—
and this resistance effect endured even after the partner left.
One of the valuable additions to our understanding of why people conform
comes from research that highlights two of the basic mechanisms that contribute
to group conformity.
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We conform first out of informational needs: other people
often have ideas, views, perspectives, and knowledge that helps us to better navi-
gate our world, especially through foreign shores and new ports. The second
mechanism involves normative needs: other people are more likely to accept us
when we agree with them than when we disagree, so we yield to their view of the
world, driven by a powerful need to belong, to replace differences with similarities.
Conformity and Independence Light Up the Brain Differently
New technology, not available in Asch's day, offers intriguing insights into the
role of the brain in social conformity. When people conform, are they rationally
deciding to go along with the group out of normative needs, or are they actually
changing their perceptions and accepting the validity of the new though erro-
neous information provided by the group? A recent study utilized advanced
brain-scanning technology to answer this question.
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Researchers can now peer
into the active brain as a person engages in various tasks by using a scanning de-
vice that detects which specific brain regions are energized as they carry out vari-
ous mental tasks. The process is known as functional magnetic resonance
imaging (FMRI). Understanding what mental functions various brain regions
control tells us what it means when they are activated by any given experimental
task.
Here's how the study worked. Imagine that you are one of thirty-two volun-
teers recruited for a study of perception. You have to mentally rotate images of
three-dimensional objects to determine if the objects are the same as or different
from a standard object. In the waiting room, you meet four other volunteers, with
whom you begin to bond by practicing games on laptop computers, taking photos
of one another, and chatting. (They are really actors—"confederates," as they are
called in psychology—who will soon be faking their answers on the test trials so
that they are in agreement with one another but not with the correct responses
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