Investigating Social D y n a m i c s
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Asch's Conformity Research: Getting into Line
Sherif's conformity effect was challenged in 1 9 5 5 by another social psychologist,
Solomon A s c h ,
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who believed that Americans were actually more independent
than Sherif's work had suggested. Asch believed that Americans could act au-
tonomously, even when faced with a majority who saw the world differently from
them. The problem with Sherif's test situation, he argued, was that it was so am-
biguous, without any meaningful frame of reference or personal standard. When
challenged by the alternative perception of the group, the individual had no real
commitment to his original estimates so just went along. Real conformity re-
quired the group to challenge the basic perception and beliefs of the individual—
to say that X was Y, when clearly that was not true. Under those circumstances,
Asch predicted, relatively few would conform: most would be staunchly resistant
to this extreme group pressure that was so transparently wrong.
What actually happened to people confronted with a social reality that con-
flicted with their basic perceptions of the world? To find out, let me put you into
the seat of a typical research participant.
You are recruited for a study of visual perception that begins with judging
the relative size of lines. You are shown cards with three lines of differing lengths
and asked to state out loud which of the three is the same length as a comparison
line on another card. One is shorter, one is longer, and one is exactly the same
length as the comparison line. The task is a piece of cake for you. You make few
mistakes, just like most others (less than 1 percent of the time). But you are not
alone in this study; you are flanked by a bunch of peers, seven of them, and you
are number eight. At first, your answers are like theirs—all right on. But then un-
usual things start to happen. On some trials, each of them in turn reports seeing
the long line as the same length as the medium line or the short line the same as
the medium one. (Unknown to you, the other seven are members of Asch's re-
search team who have been instructed to give incorrect answers unanimously on
specific "critical" trials.) When it is your turn, they all look at you as you look at
the card with the three lines. You are clearly seeing something different than they
are, but do you say so? Do you stick to your guns and say what you know is right,
or do you go along with what everyone else says is right? You face that same group
pressure on twelve of the total eighteen trials where the group gives answers that
are wrong, but they are accurate on the other six trials interspersed into the mix.
If you are like most of the 1 2 3 actual research participants in Asch's study,
you would yield to the group about 70 percent of the time on some of those criti-
cal, wrong-judgment trials. Thirty percent of the original subjects conformed on
the majority of trials, and only a quarter of them were able to maintain their in-
dependence throughout the testing. Some reported being aware of the differences
between what they saw and the group consensus, but they felt it was easier to go
along with the others. For others the discrepancy created a conflict that was re-
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