Local government during the Chigatoy Nation Annotation

Local government during the Chigatoy Nation
Annotation:It is known that the first khan of the Ulus was Chagatai Khan. But the question arises whether Chagatai and his successors were completely independent in governing the state. May be Genghis Khan divided his empire among his children, in order to obey the central government, that is, Khaqan. By the way from the beginning, the movement of the Botu dynasties, and then the Tulu dynasties, was in many cases independent. Apparently, the nomadic Mongols did not have experience in managing the sedentary population, so Chagatai Khan initially entrusted the management of his people to Mahmud Yalavach from Khorezm and his descendants. Until the end of his life, he worked in the palace of his brother Ögedei Khaqan as the chief adviser and responsible for the order of the Yasa rules. Most of the income of the Chagatai people went to the Center, that is, to the Karakorum. The rest was spent by local governors for the needs of the nation and the army. At the same time, the people were oppressed not only by the Mongol nobility, but also by the local aristocracy.
Keywords:Chigatay, administration, state, local government, Mahmud Yalavoch, Movaraunnahr

The Chigatay Nation, or Chigatay Khanate, is a Mongol nation that includes the lands ruled by Genghis Khan's second son, Chigataykhan, and his successors after the Mongol Empire. At the end of the 13th century, the khanate reached its highest peak in the south of the Aral Sea, from the Amu Darya to the Altai Mountains on the border of present-day Mongolia and China. The Mongols of the Chigatay Nation were largely nomadic in their rule and did not settle in the city centers until the end of the 15th century. The Mongols of the Chigatay Nation ruled over the towns of Movarounnahr and the Tarim Basin. It is known that the first khan of the nation was Chigataykhan. But the question is, was Chigatay and his successors completely independent in governing the nation? For example, when Genghis Khan divided his empire among his children, he simply had a name in order to submit to the central government, that is, to Hakan. However, from the beginning, the movement of the Botu and later the Tulu dynasties was independent in many cases, despite the fact that the center was considered. Apparently, because the nomadic Mongols had no experience in settling the settled population, Chigataykhan first entrusted the management of his nation to Mahmud Yalavoch of Khorezm and his descendants. For the rest of his life, he served as a chief adviser to his brother, Oktay Hakan, and in charge of law enforcement. Most of the income from the Chigatay people goes to the Center, to Karakurum. The rest was spent by the local governor on the needs of the nation and the army. The masses were oppressed not only by the Mongols, but also by the local aristocracy and aristocracy. We see this in the Chigatay people, mostly through sources. The situation was different in other nations. Therefore, after Chigatay, several khans tried hard to become completely independent from the Center and to take control of Movaraunnahr. This situation continued until Duvahon. It was not until the time of Duvakhan that the Chigatay people gained full independence.In terms of the level of development of the Mongol productive forces conquered far superior nations. But this is the case did not lead to drastic changes in their social life. Assimilation of the local culture of the Mongols.The process took a long time. Sedentary farming in governmentlocal aristocrats, along with Mongol rulers, are widely involved in the region made. For example, the viceroy of the Movarounnahr region of the Chigatay people Mahmud Yalavoch was appointed. At his disposal is the support of the Mongols tax collectors, local governors, there were medicine officers and Mongol troops.Regular monitoring of tax revenues to Mahmoud Yalavoch and tasked with preventing revolts against the Mongols.During the Mongol occupation, the people were oppressed on both sides. Especially,taxes and duties imposed by the invaders became a heavy burden.Farmers' land tax is "big" while retaining local taxes paid one-tenth of the harvest. "Pocket" from the head of cattle taxed. Kopchur was taken in the amount of on head out of 100 head of cattle.The food tax for the state treasury has been introduced. Shulen har a two-year-old sheep from a herd, and a mare for every thousand horses for our daughter received at the expense of. Taxes are mainly local rulers in the form of barot (rent) pre-paid by and then increased by the population were collected. The artisans paid a "stamp" tax.State, property (private lands), community and foundation (religious) of land ownership lands at the disposal of the authorities). State and property a quarter of the peasants worked on their lands. Tenant-middle-class farmers and were called muzari. Slave labor was also used.Lands donated by the Mongols pastures). The Mongols gave people different labels and placards for a particular service. Payza made of precious metals (gold, silver), brass or wood items. People with this type of pain are different from the rest of the population had the right to demand payment of fees. On trade routes stations, "yom" (jam) were built, their maintenance and costs charged with the local population. The locals have a general hashar had to participate in their work and work for free.Low to revive trade during Mongol rule valuable coins were put into circulation.
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