Lithium Harvesting from the Most Abundant Primary and Secondary Sources: a comparative Study on Conventional and Membrane Technologies


 Lithium Recovery from Brines/Seawater



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3. Lithium Recovery from Brines/Seawater
3.1. Conventional Methods
Despite intensive technological development, conventional extractions from brines
have succumbed to too many deficiencies and require careful and systematic adaptations
for varied brine conditions. In most recent research, these conventional techniques (i.e., pre-
cipitation, liquid-liquid extraction and adsorption) have been incorporated with membrane
technologies to improve Li extracting efficiency and also to reduce the industrial carbon
footprint, however, they have not been commonly practised in industry.
3.1.1. Precipitation
In the 1990s, precipitation was primarily employed to precipitate Li after the removal of
co-existing ions by applying solar evaporation and various precipitants (Equations (1)–(5)).
Typically, this consists of seven stages (Figure
4
) that alter the composition of the brine;
concentrating or precipitating the brine at each stage. The main ions of interest for removal
are Mg
2+
and Ca
2+
as the smaller ions (e.g., Na
+
) are readily extracted by evaporation via
crystallization [
48

50
].
Mg
2+
+ Strong Alkali

Mg Carbonate or Mg Salt
(1)
Mg
2+
+ Ca(OH)
2

Mg(OH)
2
+ Ca
2+
(2)
Ca
2+
+ CaCl
2
+ coexisting ions

CaSO
4

2H
2
O
(3)
2Li
+
+ Na
2
CO
3

Li
2
CO
3
+ 2Na
+
(4)
Mg
2+
+ Ca(OH)
2
+ SO
4
2

+ 2H
2
O

CaSO
4

2H
2
O + Mg(OH)
2
(5)


Membranes

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