Lesson 1 Grammar

Step 3. Matn bilan ishlash.
Yangi so‘zlar:
volatile uzoq turmaydigan
backing store tashqi eslab qoluvchi moslama
surface yuza, ust
track yo‘lak
to create yaratmoq
location joylashtirish, o‘rnashgan joy
towards tomonga yo‘llanib
entry kiritish
erasable o‘chiriladigan
to stand for ma’no bermoq
indelible o‘chirilmaydigan
enormous juda katta, bahaybat
shareware hamrohlikda foydalanadigan dastur ta’minoti
font shrift
average o‘rtacha
to seek axtarmoq, qidirmoq
to affect ta’sir qilmoq


Exercise 3. So‘z birikmalarni tarjima qiling.
Shuning uchun
Toza disketani
Uni …. dan oldin format qilish kerak
Keyinroq
Asosan
Bir marta yozib, doimo o‘qiymiz
Shuning uchun ularni saqlash mumkin
Muhim hujjatlarni doimiy arxivlashtirish uchun
Axborot almashuvi
Na yozib olasan, na o‘zgartirasan
Etarli darajada tez o‘qiydi
… ga nisbatan juda sekin
vaqtning o‘rtacha kirish sarfi
…. dan farqli
Ikkinchi darajali saqlash moslamalari
Qattiq disk bilan birgalikda
Ta’sirdan mubtalo


Exercise 4. Matnni o‘qing va tarjima qiling.
Storage devices.
Part of the main memory of a computer is volatile, i.e. we lose information which we use in the RAM when the computer is turned off. Because of this we store data and applications in either hard or floppy disks which provide a more permanent backing store.
The surface of a floppy disk is divided into ‘tracks’, which are then divided into ‘sectors’. When you insert a blank disk into a disk drive, it must be ‘initialized’, or formatted, before information can be recorded onto it. This means that magnetic areas are created for each track and sector, along with a catalogue or ‘directory’ which will record the specific location of files.
When you save a file, the operating system moves the read/write heads of the disk drive towards empty sectors records the data and writes an entry for the directory. Later on, when you open that file, the operating system looks for its entry in the directory on the disk, moves the read/write heads to the correct sectors, and read the file into the RAM area.
We can also store data and applications in optical storage devices. Basically, there are three main types of optical disks: WORMs, CD-ROMs and erasable optical disks.
WORM stands for ‘write once, read many’. WORM disks are so called because they are indelible, i.e. they can’t be erased. For this reason, they can last 100 years, and this technology is very useful for ‘permanent’ archiving of important documents in fields like medicine, law or history. Each WORM disk can hold one gigabyte of information.
CD-ROM systems offer everything, from enormous shareware collections to large dictionaries, from multimedia databases to font families and graphics. Companies and government agencies have discovered that CD-ROM is the most economical way of sharing information. In fact, one CD-ROM disk (650 MB) can replace 300 000 pages of text (about 500 floppies). Yet CD-ROM technology has some disadvantages. You cannot write anything onto a CD-ROM disk, nor can you change what is imprinted on it. You can only ‘read’ it, like a book. Another reason why CD-ROM is not widely used for ‘personal’ data storage is that CD-ROM drives are slow. They are fast enough for reading CD-ROM disks and audio CDs but are too slow in comparison with hard drives. While there are hard drives with an average access time of 10 ms, most CD-ROM drives have a seek time of 200-300 ms.
Erasable optical disks usually hold between 120 and 1000 MB of data in 3.5’’ or 5.25’’ disks. Unlike CD-ROM s and WORMs, erasable optical disks (EOD) are rewritable, i.e. we can write on them in the same way as a hard disk. They are mainly used as secondary storage devices, functioning as file servers or as a secondary storage unit, accompanying hard disks. EODs have two important advantages over hard disks: they are not affected by magnetic fields, and they have a longer data life. However, optical drives are slower than hard drives.