Lecture semantic classification of words

Ameliorative development of the meaning is the improvement of the connotational component of meaning, e.g. ‘minister’ originally denoted ‘a servant, an attendant’, but now – ‘a civil servant of higher rank, a person administering a department of state’.
Homonyms are words identical in sound-form or spelling but different in meaning.
Cases of full homonymy are generally observed in words belonging to the same part of speech, where we observe the coincidences in their paradigms, e .g. ‘a seal¹ (n.)’ and ‘a seal² (n.)’.
Partial homonymy is usually to be found in word-forms of different parts of speech, e.g. ‘a seal¹ (n.)’ and ‘to seal (v.)’
Homographs are words identical in spelling, but different both in their sound-form and meaning, e.g. bow (n) [bou] — ‘a piece of wood curved by a string and used for shooting arrows’ and bow (n) [bau] — ‘the bending of the head or body’; tear (n) [tia] — ‘a drop of water that comes from the eye’ and tear (v) [teə] — ‘to pull apart by force’.
Homophones are words identical in sound-form but different both in spelling and in meaning, e.g. sea (n) and see (v); son (n) and sun (n).