Lecture No 2 Historical background of typological investigations

The third factor is the least common factor which deals with studying unknown languages and languages that do not have writing system. Recently, an enormous bulk of researches have been done on languages in Latin America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Oceania and Eurasia that do not have writing system. Studying these languages has influenced by comparing them to Indo-European languages and these investigations have influenced on typology greatly. Previous researches focused on genetic relation but new researches are focusing on morphological similarities, classification and other points.
The fourth factor is the influence of the translation and translation science. Translation is a quite ancient science. When people started to translate from one language into another they unconsciously compared two languages. That is why they consider translation to be the main part of typology. The influence of translation to typology can be classified as followings:

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  translation of fiction stories;
  
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  translation of grammatical forms;
  
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  translations that are done under the influence of mathematical linguistics.
  

The fifth factor is the influence of lexicography. The appearance of dictionar­ies was bound with applied need to transform and compare languages and national cultures. While compiling bi- or multilingual dictionaries a lexicographer conducts comparison of all levels of language hierarchy: phonetic units, grammatical structure, lexical units, word formation, punctuation, etc.
The sixth factor is practical and theoretical study and teaching of foreign languages. Studying and teaching foreign language required comparison of languages that are taught and studied. Since Uzbekistan is considered as a multilingual country, a lot of attention is being focused on development of typology because without knowing foreign languages it is impossible to establish political, economic and cultural ties with countries where foreign languages are spoken. Russian is considered to be La lingua franca in Central Asia. In Uzbekistan, bilingualism is based on knowing Uzbek and Russian languages. Besides, it is compulsory that at schools one of the foreign languages should be taught which has derived from the need to establish ties with all the countries of the world. Researches done in Uzbekistan on typology include comparative phonetics, comparative grammar, comparative lexicology and so on. For thirty years, there have been numerous numbers of researches, books, monographs, dissertations, articles have been published.