Lecture 1: General problems of Foreign Language teaching

Types of translation used in foreign language teaching
If we consider translation from the point of view of the relationship between the mother tongue and the foreign lan­guage, we distinguish the following types of translation: (a) translation from the foreign language into the mother tongue; (b) translation-from the mother tongue into the foreign language and (c) retranslation (i. е., first pupils trans late from the foreign language into the mother tongue an then, after a while, back into the foreign language).
If we consider translation from the point of view of it relation to the original, we distinguish:
1. Word for word trans1atiоn (or literally translation), when all the lexical units of the foreign language are replaced by those of the mother tongue, the grammar structure being that of the foreign language. For example,
I have a sister. — Я iмею сестру.
My mother is not at home. — Моя мама (есть) не дома.
Не was called on by the teacher yesterday. — Он был спрошен учiтелем вчера.. . .?
Though word for word, translation violates the syntax of the mother tongue, it transmits the meaning of a sentence. Besides, word for word translation is valuable in an educa­tional respect as it gives a pupil an opportunity to compare all the elements of the language he studies with the corresponding elements of the mother tongue and in this way t see the difference between these languages.
2. Adequate translation which in contrast with word for word translation transmits the thought ex­pressed in the foreign language by means of the corresponding equivalents of the mother tongue. For example:
I have a sister. - У меня есть сестра.
My mother is not at home. — Мамы нет дома.
He was called on by the teacher yesterday. — Его вчера спрашiвал учiтель.
3. Frее translation or free interpretation оf the text in the mother tongue that was read or heard in the foreign language. For example, pupils read a newspaper article and each says a few words on its contents. :