family business, a large organisation or a chain? What is its history?
How have bookshops developed in the target culture? What is their
social and economic history? What other products and services do they
provide?
Bookshops (or ‘bookstores’ in North America) obviously vary from place to
place, and the ‘cultural frames’ associated with them vary accordingly.
While living in Moscow in the late 1980s, I found customers were usually
physically separated from the books and had to call on assistants if they
wished to handle a copy. If the customer wished to purchase a book, the
assistant gave the price, which the customer then conveyed to the cashier,
who, in turn, issued a receipt. The customer then took the receipt to the
assistant, who surrendered the book. In contrast, in the USA, and more
recently in the UK, some bookshops try to cultivate a social atmosphere,
offering coffee shops or comfortable reading areas, where customers can
take a book to look over, before purchasing. This is also true of larger chain
stores in Brazil. There, as I found during a period of residence in the 1990s,
information about prices can be obtained by passing the book in front of a
computerised scanner, and checking the readout.
Detailed observation and contemplation of an ordinary ‘concept’, such
as a bookshop, can lead to cultural insights and speculations. In the 1980s,
in late communist Russia, the authorities still strictly regulated the flow of
information, and a socialist, rather than a capitalist, ideology favoured the
labour-intensive use of many shop assistants, who acted almost as a barrier
between customers and books. In the USA, by comparison, the capitalist
ethos promotes consumption as a leisure and social activity. The view of
book-buying as a leisure and social event led some bookstores to encourage
the use of the store as a place to meet friends and chat, and comfortable
chairs and coffee were provided to encourage this. In Brazil, the use of
computer scanners to give prices can be seen as a consequence of that
country’s history of economic instability: prices, especially of imported
goods, can more easily be changed by a computerised system than by
manually tagging each individual item. The ethnographic observer by
careful observation of an everyday situation can start to work towards
larger cultural generalisations that can later be checked against interviews
and library research. In addition, teacher-observers can try to think them-
selves into the place of learners, and the culture-specific problems they
might have in a given situation (e.g. unauthorised handling of books in
Moscow; or knowing how to take advantage of leisurely browsing in the
USA; or finding a price in Brazil when there is no indication on the book
and the scanners are unobtrusively located). ‘Concept Training’ can
function as a preliminary to larger-scale ethnographic study. It trains
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Intercultural Approaches to ELT
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