Languages for intercultural communication and education


Ethnography and Language Education



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Ethnography and Language Education
Ethnography has influenced language education in a variety of different
ways (see for example, the ‘Case Studies’ section in Richards & Nunan,
1990). Outside the immediate classroom, it has influenced curriculum
planners and materials designers, particularly in English as a Second
Language (ESL) teaching.
Ethnography and curriculum change
For many schools and educational institutions, the adoption of an
intercultural approach demands some form of teacher development and
curricular change – for example, it demands a new way of thinking about
how language works, and a new set of goals for the learner to achieve. The
very act of implementing an intercultural approach, then, demands a
change in the established learning culture of ELT schools, a change that has
to be negotiated and managed. At this level of language education, ethnog-
raphy can support more effective innovation.
Holliday (1994) observes that cross-cultural encounters occur every time
a teacher meets a new group of students, and every time a curriculum
planner enters a new institution. He argues that curriculum planners and
teachers should use ethnographic skills to come to understand the ‘deep
action’ of colleagues and students, that is, the ‘hidden agendas’ and wider
life objectives that lie behind the adoption or rejection of curricular innova-
tions and styles of teaching and learning. The introduction of ‘discovery’
teaching strategies favoured by the commercial ELT sector into more con-
servative state institutions (whether in Europe, the US or elsewhere) can
give rise to cross-cultural tensions. For example, Holliday reports that uni-
versity lecturers in Egypt who attempted to substitute group-work and
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Intercultural Approaches to ELT
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task-based discovery procedures instead of traditional lectures sometimes
lost the respect of students who valued the traditional lecturer’s authority.
He argues that curriculum consultants who disregard the educational
culture they are trying to change will fail. Innovation must take into consid-
eration the way in which established practices accord status to members of
the educational community.
Attention must therefore be paid to the, usually unarticulated, expecta-
tions and social relationships that any innovation is almost bound to
challenge. In any staff room there is likely to be rivalry for status,
sometimes promotion, and some teachers might visibly adopt institution-
ally favoured innovations in order to further their own careers, rather than
out of a conviction that the innovation is worthwhile (although the two are
not, of course, necessarily incompatible). Established teachers, however,
might see the introduction of innovations as a threat to their hard-won
status, and reject it on those grounds. Ethnographic analysis of the institu-
tions undergoing curriculum change therefore demands sensitivity to the
self-image of teachers and students in the institution, and an understand-
ing and respect for established teaching practices. Ethnographic analysis
seeks to observe, understand and describe preferred patterns of teacher–
learner, learner–learner and teacher–teacher interaction before trying to
impose changes that might be perceived by the target group as inappropri-
ate and unnecessary. Curriculum planning which involves a period of
ethnographic exploration is more likely to result in curriculum planners,
teachers and learners finding more than token agreement on strategies for
educational improvement. Only if the planners’ colleagues and their
students ‘own’ the innovations worked out with the curriculum planners –
only if they see that innovations are in their own and their students’ best
interests – will they actually continue to develop them when the planners
have left.
The intercultural approach outlined in this book, accordingly, seeks to
build on practices that will be familiar to most EFL teachers. In particular,
the suggested tasks are based on the kinds of activities that are already used
successfully in communicative classrooms: role-plays, projects, and other
co-operative goal-directed activities. However, as the intercultural approach
spells out, the view of language and the goals of the intercultural curricu-
lum are substantially different from mainstream EFL courses, in that a
greater emphasis is given to the role of language in the construction of iden-
tities, and great importance is given to the understanding and mediation of
cultural differences. While this book seeks to persuade teachers to adopt an
intercultural approach to language learning, it also acknowledges that that
different institutions and teachers will necessarily respond according to
their own perceived needs and priorities.
Ethnographic Approaches to Culture and Language
103
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