Moreover, the argument that elite, eurocentric culture is uniquely qualified to
serve as the universal repository of civilised values has been subject to a strong
intellectual challenge since the 1950s, particularly in Britain (cf. Hall &
Whannel, 1964; Hoggart, 1957; Thompson, 1963; Williams, 1958, 1965).
A narrow view of cultural literacy as associated with a specific set of elite
values, sometimes labelled ‘culture with a capital C’ (Tomalin &
Stempleski, 1993), at least provoked reconsideration of the overall goals of
introducing culture into the ELT classroom. Is the ideal goal for a learner to
be indistinguishable from a native speaker – in particular, an educated
native speaker who is well versed in the cultural values and products of the
elite group in society? This in fact seems to be the unspoken assumption
behind many ELT curricula. Many learners might well align themselves
with this goal, and be motivated strongly by lessons which indeed
introduce them to ‘culture with a capital C’ – and teachers should conse-
quently be open to this possibility and exploit it where appropriate. But
what if learners resist this social positioning as a betrayal of their own
cultural identity, or see it as an irrelevance to their personal goals in
learning an L2? Murray (1992) sets out explicitly to challenge the narrow
view of cultural literacy, and presents an alternative definition which cele-
brates cultural diversity as a ‘resource’ in the American ELT classroom,
rather than denigrating it as a social stigma and mark of exclusion.
It would be ill-advised to polarise the debate about ‘whose culture’
should be represented in the ELT classroom by arguing that ‘elite culture’
should be actively excluded because it is irrelevant to the concerns of
learners. ‘Elite culture’ – literature, music, art, philosophy – can be a mar-
vellously rich resource and some learners are strongly motivated by its use
in the L2 classroom. However, the very fact that it is associated with ‘edu-
cated’ or ‘elite’ groups in the target society may demotivate other students,
who view interest in such cultural products as irrelevant to their own
cultural concerns. In such cases, the ‘home culture’ of the learners can be
exploited as a valuable classroom resource. This involves teachers finding
out about students’ production and consumption of cultural products –
whether ‘home culture’ in this sense means ethnic culture, class culture or
professional culture. This can be done in class initially through question-
naires (for a detailed example, see Murray
et al
., 1992) which can target
specific topic areas.
Questionnaires about language use in everyday life can serve as a
starting-point for learners and teachers to become more keenly aware of
their own linguistic practices. Vasquez’ (1992) observations of literacy
events in a Mexicano community in the USA noted a rich range of uses for
English and Spanish in the home: from listening to the advice of
community workers, getting the latest news and gossip from the local
An Intercultural Approach to Second Language Education
27
C:\Documents and Settings\Stephen Cracknell\My Documents\corbett\corbett.vp
13 August 2003 16:39:00
Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile
Composite Default screen
baker, listening to the tales of the older generation, to engaging in
prolonged cross-generational, bilingual discussions about the behaviour of
characters in popular soap operas. Lucas (1992) notes that different cultural
profiles may influence how a learner responds to types of instruction in the
L2 – someone who keeps a diary in the L1, for example, may be better
primed for personal writing than someone who does not. Lucas also warns
that each learner is an individual, and should not be stereotyped with gen-
eralisations such as ‘Japanese learners do not respond well to personal
writing’. Lack of experience of a given genre does not mean a learner would
lack interest in it. A cultural profile can serve as a preliminary stage before a
negotiated statement of language needs (e.g. ‘I don’t use English to speak to
my grandparents, but I do need to improve the way I speak with my fellow-
students in seminars’), but it also serves to raise awareness that language
and culture are many-faceted and vary from individual to individual. It
may also prompt a preliminary analysis of how class discussions, for
example, are different from casual conversations (Chapter 3).
To summarise: in multilingual and multicultural classrooms, particu-
larly in the USA, the proposed imposition of a narrowly defined ‘cultural
literacy’ has been countered by a call to celebrate diversity (Murray, 1992).
The principle applies mainly to this ESL setting (that is, where learners are
long-term immigrants into an anglophone culture), but it can be extended
to those settings where learners who share a single L1 are studying English
as a foreign language. Celebrating diversity is principally about acknowl-
edging that learners are already proficient users of language and inheritors
of a rich culture. Extending their proficiency should not entail denial of that
fact, but rather their current proficiency as language users and cultural
beings can serve as a launching-point for their further education.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: