The Role of Assessment
So far this book has been largely concerned with understanding the
ways in which language constructs, maintains and represents social iden-
tities and group relationships, and how an understanding of these
processes can inform intercultural English language education. This
chapter considers assessment issues raised by an intercultural approach to
English language teaching and learning. Much has been published to guide
teachers in how to understand and construct language tests (e.g. Alderson
& North, 1991; Hughes, 1989). In the literature on assessment and testing, a
test is considered
valid
if it assesses what it is meant to test, and not
something else (for further details, see Hughes, 1989: 22–8). The explicit
incorporation of a cultural element into a language course raises obvious
questions about the means of assessment used in the course: for instance,
should they test language or culture, simultaneously or separately? A test
that focuses on language alone might have the undesirable effect of down-
grading the status of the cultural component of a course – why should
teachers and students spend valuable curricular space on something for
which the students will not receive tangible credit? On the other hand, why
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should a topic like culture (which might be seen as akin to history,
geography or literary studies) be tested through a second language at all?
Indeed, some writers raise the question of whether culture can be tested
explicitly. Kramsch (1993: 257) makes the point that the real value of
reaching an intercultural perspective (which she describes as a ‘third
place’, transcending both home and target culture) is an intensely individ-
ual quest, whose value might not be realised until long after a course of
study has ended:
Nobody, least of all the teacher, can tell [students] where that very
personal place is; for each learner it will be differently located, and will
make different sense at different times. For some, it will be the irrevoca-
ble memory of the ambiguities of the word ‘challenge’. For others, it
will be a small poem by Pushkin that will, twenty years later, help them
make sense out of a senseless personal situation. For others still, it will
be a small untranslatable Japanese proverb that they will all of a
sudden remember, thus enabling them for a moment to see the world
from the point of view of their Japanese business partner and save a
floundering business transaction.
Kramsch is, of course, right to avoid reducing the value of intercultural
exploration to those elements that can be codified and tested before, during
and after the course. Nevertheless, assessment does have an institutional
and individual use: state educational systems demand assessment to
measure the performance of schools and the individuals who attend them.
Teachers and learners also demand assessment as a means of measuring
their progress, charting future needs, and diagnosing problems. In
addition, recognition by an institution that a subject like culture is worth
assessing can act as a stimulus for teachers and students to take it seriously.
If we accept that a language course should at least contain an
intercultural component, and that the intercultural component should
therefore be routinely assessed as an integral part of the course, then, to
ensure test validity, it is necessary to specify the kinds of knowledge and
skills that we are judging. Spiro (1991) gives a useful account of the kinds of
knowledge and skills required to measure a potentially nebulous concept:
‘literary competence’. She shows that literature tests demand a high degree
of cultural knowledge (usually about canonical writers, literary history
and literary theory), as well as the skills required to produce acceptable
responses including the articulation of an aesthetic response that involves
the appropriate use of quotation, paraphrase and summary. Or, to take a
more general instance, communicative language teaching has generally
focused on the ‘four skills’ of speaking, listening, reading and writing, and
communicative test design has therefore concentrated on the construction
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of reliable tasks that measure students’ performance in such a way as to
make inferences about the state of their communicative competence. The
various position papers in Alderson and North, (1991) show, however, that
although communicative language teaching has been broadly accepted
within ELT, communicative language testing is still a site of considerable
unresolved controversy. The testing of culture can only add to the ongoing
professional debate.
Byram (1997b: 87–111) looks in detail at the types of evidence and test
formats that can be drawn upon to assess the various intercultural
savoirs
he identifies (see Chapter 2 for details). It is evident that an intercultural
approach to language teaching and learning, as proposed here, extends
and reshapes many of the goals of a communicative language course. Com-
municative language tests tend to break the global skill of language
behaviour into four (still quite general) subskills: speaking, listening,
reading and writing. The activities suggested in this book also promote
these ‘general’ language skills in a number of ways. For example, the
chapters on everyday conversation and interviewing further the acquisi-
tion of speaking and listening skills; and the chapter on written genres
targets the acquisition of writing and reading skills. These three chapters
together also provide information and practice in how members of the
target culture interact in different contexts (
savoir 1
); that is, they focus on
interactions between gossiping friends, and between specialists and their
peer group or popular readerships. The chapter on ethnography focuses
on ways of using observation and interview to discover cultural informa-
tion (
savoir 4
), and the chapters on images and on literary, media and
cultural studies illustrate ways of interpreting and relating different
types of information (
savoir 2
). Throughout the book, critical reflection
has been promoted, rather than unthinking adoption of, say, the interac-
tion patterns of the target culture (
savoir 3
). Moreover, the ethos of open-
minded inquiry is meant to promote understanding and tolerance of lin-
guistic and cultural difference (
savoir 5
)
.
Intercultural education is, of
course, overtly designed to result in attitudinal and behavioural changes
on the part of learners; however, although language courses should make
explicit the values of the target culture, and do so in a sympathetic light,
they should not impose those values upon unwilling students. As Byram
recommends, understanding, critical reflection and mediation should be
the watchwords.
Intercultural communication should be a clearly defined option in
language education. The goals of any course should specify whether
learners, teachers and institutions are concerned with (1) increasing
language proficiency, (2) gaining factual knowledge about the target culture,
(3) acculturating, and/or (4) mediating between cultures. This book has con-
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sistently argued that teaching and testing from an intercultural perspective
can enrich a language course. If tests are then matched to curricular goals,
then the tests should be valid. The following section will suggest ways in
which a cultural perspective can be assessed.
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