(e) Role-plays/Simulations
Most of the above test formats involve the use of writing, which is the
most common mode of testing in anglophone culture. However, some of
the skills and techniques discussed in this book can only be properly tested
orally, most probably by role-play or simulation. These skills include:
•
using everyday conversation to construct and maintain individual
identity within a group;
•
using formal and informal interviews to elicit cultural knowledge.
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The type of conversational role-plays described in Chapter 3 can be
adapted for assessment purposes. The evaluation of the candidates’ partic-
ipation would not rest solely on whether information has been transferred
using accurate and fluent language. The evaluation would also take into
consideration the candidate’s ability to, say, pick up on a topic from a par-
ticipant’s narration, and tell an appropriate ‘second story’.
Interviewing techniques are useful in pragmatic ethnography and
therefore also testable. Standard ELT oral testing procedures can also be
modified to assess interviewing skills, particularly since this skill does
involve the transfer of information. In some ELT oral examinations, candi-
dates work in pairs to prepare and rehearse an information-gap activity,
which is then acted out before an assessor with the additional participation
of a staff interlocutor. Typical tasks include choosing a holiday from a
given range, under the constraint of a given budget. An intercultural inter-
viewing task would specify the kind of informant, and the nature of the
‘ethnographic’ information sought; for example, a supermarket manager
or a shopper might be quizzed with a view to finding out cultural informa-
tion about patterns of consumption in a certain area. Working individually
or in pairs, the candidates would have to brainstorm the kind of questions
to be asked of the informant, and then interview the teacher or other inter-
locutor, who would play the part of the manager or shopper. The
candidates could be assessed on the appropriateness and delivery of their
questions, and, optionally, on the accuracy of their notes and recall. The
scope of this test does not allow for time for a more considered analysis of
the informant’s responses.
In addition to conversational interaction and interviewing techniques,
interpretative skills can be displayed by adapting other well-established
oral testing techniques. For example, a long-standing feature of general
ELT examinations is to require candidates to talk about a given picture or
photograph. The visual literacy skills discussed in Chapter 7 can be tested
by selecting pictures or photographs that convey the kind of cultural infor-
mation that candidates have been exploring (e.g. newspaper photographs,
or advertisements) and eliciting the kind of formal analysis that has been
taught on the course (i.e. the ‘vocabulary’ and ‘grammar’ of the images).
The test obviously presupposes that this kind of activity has been practised
during the course itself.
(f) Projects and portfolios
The tests described above are constrained by limited time-frames. A
reflective essay, or an oral test of interviewing techniques, for example,
cannot probe the full extent of a candidate’s ability to organise a project,
implement data gathering, analyse the data, and report back in speech
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and/or writing. Group or individual projects can therefore be staged and
continually assessed over longer periods of time. Projects and portfolios
are useful in assessing a number of types of skills and knowledge more
expansively and thoroughly than a reflective essay can. For example, they
can demonstrate the following skills:
•
planning a small-scale research project;
•
allocation of tasks (teamwork);
•
implementation of research (data gathering);
•
analysis of data;
•
writing up and/or oral presentation of data.
Each stage of the research process can be separately evaluated and graded
by the marker. The content of the research can also be graded for those
aspects of intercultural competence identified by Byram (1997b); for
example, affective responses to ‘culture shock’, ability to ‘decentre’ one’s
cultural assumptions, and to evaluate critically behaviour in both the home
and the target culture. Once again, the marker should make it explicit to the
candidate that these aspects of the project will be assessed.
Portfolios need not be structured as ethnographic projects. The aims of
different kinds of courses will favour different kinds of testable products. A
short course in English for Specific Purposes might be more concerned with
students’ abilities to write genre-specific texts – a portfolio of coursework,
then, might provide samples of drafts and redrafts across favoured genres
(e.g. business letters, business reports, notes towards oral presentations,
tapes of oral presentations, handouts and visuals used, etc.). Such a
portfolio would not be an investigation of some aspect of a target culture;
rather it would demonstrate the candidate’s ability to conform to the expec-
tations of the target culture. However, it is strongly recommended that
such portfolios should contain an element of critical reflection (perhaps in
the familiar form of a learner journal) – learners may deliberately opt not to
conform to the expected norms of the target culture, and they should have
that freedom. However, it is sometimes difficult for a marker to infer
whether a deviation from expected norms is a deliberate choice or not, and
some self-analysis (or discussion of the portfolio, if time permits) can
clarify whether the student is or is not aware of the cultural norms which
are being subverted.
Finally, projects and portfolios have the advantage of drawing upon
useful ‘transferable’ skills other than linguistic control and intercultural
awareness. In educational environments that provide adequate technolog-
ical support, data-gathering and project presentation can increasingly
draw on electronic resources. Students seeking information on a discourse
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community can gather data from websites, internet discussion groups, and
email contacts, and projects can be presented in disk form with textual
information and analysis supported by sound and image files. Even the
structure of projects can vary: for example, hypertext assignments might be
preferred to more traditional, linear reports and essays. Clearly, the extent
to which technological skills are tested depends upon the resources
available to the teacher, learners and institutions; however, they can be
directly relevant to cultural learning. Finding a useful email discussion
group and gathering data about, say, fans of a soap opera from that discus-
sion group, is as relevant an ethnographic research technique as, say,
interviewing a native speaker. Where such resources are available, they can
be exploited, and the efficiency of their exploitation can clearly become part
of the overall course assessment.
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