Languages for intercultural communication and education


Prospects for Teaching and Learning



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CorbettAnInterculturalApproachtoEnglishLanguageTeachingLanguagesforInterculturalCommunicationandEducation7

Prospects for Teaching and Learning
Language and Culture
This book has attempted to describe the intellectual contexts and practical
means of implementing an intercultural approach to English-language
teaching, much of it associated with Michael Byram and his colleagues. The
literature on intercultural language learning now encompasses detailed
descriptions of intercultural skills and how to assess them (Byram, 1997b),
explorations of learning as ethnography (Roberts
et al
., 2001), and practical
examples of classroom practice from around the world (Alred, Byram &
Fleming, 2003; Byram & Fleming, 1998; Byram
et al
. 2001). The International
Association for Languages and Intercultural Communication (IALIC), has
been formed to further research and practice in intercultural education,
and it has launched the
Journal for Language and Intercultural Communica-
tion.
A review of the expanding literature on intercultural approaches to
language education shows that, with notable exceptions (e.g. Kramsch,
1993), much of it has been concerned with teaching and learning languages
and cultures other than English. Where English
is
the target language,
teaching has been based mainly in state institutions – the state primary,
secondary, further and higher education systems rather than commercial
language schools. For example, Byram’s work has centred on modern
languages teaching in the European Community, and some of his work on
defining the goals of the intercultural curriculum has been connected with
the Council of Europe’s ongoing harmonisation of the objectives of
language and culture teaching throughout the Community (e.g. Byram &
Zarate, 1991). The contributors to Byram
et al.
’s (2001) anthology of case
studies of intercultural approaches teach in schools or colleges, in Britain,
Denmark and Bulgaria, where an intercultural curriculum has been
developed by a teachers’ network over the years, with support from the
British Council (Davcheva & Docheva, 1998). It is not surprising that, as
discussed in Chapter 1, intercultural language education has been
developing apace in the public sector, while its impact so far has been
less evident in commercial language schools. The curricular goals of
205
Intercultural Approaches to ELT
Prospects for Teaching and Learning Language and Culture
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intercultural education embed language teaching and learning in a wider
educational project that has explicit ethical implications. Byram (1997b: 50)
sets out the ‘attitudes’ that intercultural education seeks actively to
promote – and assess:

willingness to seek out or take up opportunities to engage with oth-
erness in a relationship of equality; this should be distinguished
from attitudes of seeking out the exotic or of seeking to profit from
others;

interest in discovering other perspectives on interpretation of famil-
iar and unfamiliar phenomena both in one’s own and in other cul-
tures and cultural practices;

willingness to question the values and presuppositions in cultural
practices and products in one’s own environment;

readiness to experience the different stages of adaptation to and inter-
action with another culture during a period of residence;

readiness to engage with the conventions and rites of verbal and non-
verbal communication and interaction
Behind these attitudes is the assumption that learners and teachers are
working in a liberal democracy that upholds values like equality, and the
tolerance of difference, and that it is the teacher’s job to foster these values
overtly in the language classroom, and assess them alongside the ‘four
language skills’. The teacher, then, becomes a moral guide, a role that more
traditionally suits the state school teacher (who represents institutional
authority) than the commercial school teacher (who is ultimately an
employee of the learner). Intercultural approaches to language education
are perhaps less likely to be implemented in totalitarian regimes where the
self-reflective and self-critical components of the curriculum might well be
discouraged or indeed repressed.
Even so, intercultural approaches have caught on in countries with no
long history of liberal democratic government. Intercultural language
education has become popular in parts of eastern Europe, such as Bulgaria,
which, since 1989, have undergone a major social and cultural upheaval:
the language classroom became a place in which new ways of constructing
one’s own and other cultures could be explored. The issues at stake have
never been more topical or urgent. Intercultural language education has
also become established, usually at university level, in some countries
whose regimes have traditionally been less open to criticism. The
intercultural comparison of the role of women in British and American
culture, as reflected in, say, popular women’s magazines, can lead to
indirect criticism of the treatment of women in one’s own country.
206

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