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Figure 20: Map of Uzbekistan Showing Provinces and Population Density
© Copyright 2007 by World Trade Press. All Rights Reserved.
44
160.
The climate of Ferghana p ro v in c e is also sharply continental, arid, and with an
abundance of heat and light. The temperature regime is also positive, with the average
annual average air temperature being + 13°С. The coldest month is January: the average
monthly air temperature is -3.2°С, with an absolute minimum of -28°С. The hottest month is
July with an average monthly air temperature of + 26.8°С and an absolute maximum of +
43°С. The province enjoys 227 frost-free days per year, where its freezing depth is 31 cm.
The province’s summers are hot and dry, and winters are mild. Annual precipitation is 172
mm, which is almost seven times less than evaporation. Precipitation is not evenly distributed
throughout the year. The average monthly wind speeds range from 1.0-1.5 m/s to 2-2.1 m/s,
increasing to 10-15 m/s, and with individual gusts in excess of 15 m/s. Primary wind directions
are western, northwestern, northern, and southeastern.
161.
The climate of Nam angan p ro v in c e is continental. Summers are hot and long,
winters relatively mild and short. There is wide diurnal temperature fluctuation, and little
precipitation. In January, temperatures on the plains average 3.5°С, and in July they average
+25°С. Annual precipitation on the plains is between 100-200 mm, increasing in the foothills
to up to 600 mm. The vegetation period in Namangan province lasts for 229 days. It is the
longest period with respect to the southern and eastern parts of the Ferghana Valley.
Surface w ater and ground w ater resources
162.
The main sources of surface water for the valley are (i) the Naryn and Karadarya
rivers, that form the Syrdarya river after their confluence, (ii) the Sokh and Shakhrikhansay
rivers, and (iii) a group of small mountain streams. All rivers are typical for mountainous
areas, being fed by snow and ice, low flows in April-May, high flows from end-June till mid-
August, and with a wide range of discharge during day-and-night. To balance flows with
irrigation requirements, main irrigation canals have been constructed, such as Big Ferghana
Canal (BFC), Big Andijan Canal (BAC) and South Ferghana Canal (SFC), to transfer excess
water from the rivers to zones with water deficits. In addition, river regulation and storage
was provided by the construction of the Toktogul, Kampirravat, Sokh, Kurgantepa and other
reservoirs. Figure 22 shows the large rivers and canals of Ferghana Valley.
Figure 21: H y d ro lo g ic a l N e tw o rk o f Ferghana V a lle y
45
163.
Ferghana Valley is rich in groundwater resources, having about 38.6% of the nation’s
total underground water reserves. The total stock of underground water in Ferghana Valley
is estimated to be about 6,500 m
3
per day
.10
In the Ferghana Valley territory, a trend has been
set in recent years of a growth in mineralization and total hardness of groundwater with
respect to their background content that often results from the irrigation of lands. These
studies of the state of underground water show that there were no changes recorded in the
regional plan, but there are qualitative changes in dry residues and the total hardness.
164.
Orographic features of Ferghana Valley have determined a variety of hydrogeological
conditions. The following zones are differentiated: (i) the submersion zone with stable, deep
groundwater occurrence and low mineralization (adyrs and upper parts of alluvial cones); (ii)
the fringe zone with stable close groundwater occurrence with low and medium
mineralization (middle part of alluvial cones); and (iii) the dispersion zone with unsecured
outflows and unstable, close occurrences of groundwater with increased mineralization
(lower part of alluvial cone and interconal declines). The value of groundwater salinity ranges
from 1.2 to 3.74 g/l, very low-mineralized and brackish, which enables the development of
sub-irrigation owing to their shallowness in order to reduce irrigation water discharge. The
water has a qualitative - sulphated - composition, with high calcium and magnesium content.
165.
A n d ija n p ro vin ce . The main water artery of the province is the Karadarya river that
crosses the province from east to the west, and its water is mainly used for irrigation. There
are also three reservoirs and several lakes. Andijan province is famous for its springs, the
water of which has good taste and is useful. Thus, there are natural areas of protection in
the province's territory, namely Baliqchi district, where the springs such as Sariq Suv, Kul,
Uch Buloq, and Tuzloq Buvi are located. The settlements of Nayman, Bouta Qori, Olim,
Doustlik, Imom Ota hold the springs of Qora Bosh Buloq, Olim Buloq, Qirq Buloq, Qambar
Ota, and Imom Ota. In total, there are 26 springs, predominantly of ascending type,
registered in the territory. All of the springs have approaches and power grid.
166.
Ferghana p ro vin ce . Numerous rivers of the Ferghana Valley have a great
importance for irrigation. The main river is the Syrdarya River
.11
Numerous tributaries rush
from the surrounding mountains to the Syrdarya - Sokh, Aksu, Shakhimardansay, Kasansay,
Isfara, Akbura and others. There are several reservoirs and lakes in the region. In the
mountainous and foothill areas of the region, there are more than
10
springs
.12
167.
N am angan p ro vin ce . The main water artery of Namangan province is the Syrdarya
river that is formed within the province by the confluence of the Naryn and Karadarya rivers.
The Kosonsoy, Chortoq, Eski Yer reservoirs were built to regulate the rivers’ runoff, and there
are more than 15 lakes. The province has about 90 springs with cold water, the most famous
of which are (i) the Imom Ota spring located in Parda Tursun settlement, (ii) the Kengulsoy
spring, Chust in Chust city, and (iii) the Abdullah Bur on the boundaries of Yangi Qourghon
settlement.
10
Including about 1,900 m
3
per day for Andijan province, and 1,700 m
3
per day for Namangan province. The
formation of underground water reserves takes place through infiltration from rivers, canals, streams, and irrigated
fields.
11
The Podshaotasoy, Chortoqsoy, Namangansoy, Kasansoy, Novasoy, Chodaksoy, Govasoy, and others also flow
down to it from the mountain slopes.
12
The most famous of them are: Kaynar Bulok, located Elash; Toshbulok, located in the same village on the banks
of the Naiman River; Oydin bun, around which a recreation center was created near the village of Mingtut;
Kudash, located in the area of the village of Kudash; Chimion, located near the village of Chimion; Satkak, located
in the area of Satkak village; Nor Bulok, located in the area of the village of Auval, etc., is visited by numerous
tourists throughout the year.
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Soils
168.
Historically, Ferghana Valley soils are the most productive in Uzbekistan, which,
together with climatic conditions, is a major prerequisite for the agricultural importance of the
project area. Other factors contributing to this are the regulated river runoff and that adequate
natural drainage is present
.13
169.
In A n d ija n p ro vin ce , at the foothills and in the intermountain valleys, nonsaline
bright, typical and fuscous sierozems are developed in good drainage conditions of the upper
terraces of river valleys, alluvial cones, and deeply defined loessial terraces. The soil cover
of the Ferghana p ro v in c e is composed of soils of desert conditions of soil formation, which,
under the influence of a close occurrence of groundwater, were transformed into meadow
and desert-meadow. In N am angan p rovin ce, sierozem soils predominate: bright sierozems
- up to a height of 700-850 m, typical and fuscous sierozems - from 850 to 1,200 - 1,500 m,
and chestnut and chernozem-like soils - from above.
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