John Field Universities of Reading and Cambridge, uk

A more radical solution (Field 1998)

• An approach based upon intensive small-scale exercises that practise the various sub-skills that contribute to skilled listening.
• A distinction between
• sub-skills (part of the behaviour of a skilled listener)
• strategies used to compensate short-term for problems of understanding.

Field (2008):A process approach

• Listening is a form of expertise. We acquire it like other skills such as playing chess or driving.
• Achieving any type of expertise requires the novice to adjust slowly to the way in which an expert behaves… Teachers need to understand expert behaviour if they are to induce it in novices.
• Becoming an expert of any kind requires:
• Intensive practice in important processes so that they become more and more automatic
• Combining the processes into larger operations
• Exposure to real-life experiences, where taught processes have to be used appropriately and under the pressure of time.