Isma university

ISMA UNIVERSITY

Individual Assignment
Information: definitions, properties and units.
Student: MUSRATOV JAVOKHIR
Group: 3410
Subject: Applied Informatics

Riga - 2022

Table of contents

1.Definition of information and its properties 4
2. Classification of information 7
3. Units of information 9

Introduction
The basic concept of computer science is information. Any human activity is a process of collecting and processing information, making decisions based on it and implementing them. With the advent of modern computer technology, information began to act as one of the most important resources of scientific and technological progress.
The relevance of our work lies in considering the value of information in human society, its distinctive features and impact on evolutionary processes.
The purpose of the work is to study the main features of information.
Achieving the goal involves solving a number of tasks:
1) give a definition of information and its properties;
2) consider the classification of information;
3) study the units of measurement of information.
Communication, communication, exchange of information are inherent in all living beings, but to a special extent - in humans. Being accumulated and processed from certain positions, information gives new information, leads to new knowledge. Receiving information from the surrounding world, its analysis and generation constitute one of the main functions of a person, distinguishing him from the rest of the living world.

1. Definition of information and its properties

The basic concept of computer science is information. Any human activity is a process of collecting and processing information, making decisions based on it and implementing them. With the advent of modern computer technology, information began to act as one of the most important resources of scientific and technological progress. According to modern concepts, information is one of the initial categories of the universe, along with matter and energy. These categories are closely related to each other. These connections can also be seen in nature and processes generated by man. The progress of mankind inevitably entails an increase in the total volume of information at its disposal, and this volume is growing much faster than the population of the globe and its material needs.
Information is contained in human speech, the texts of books, magazines, newspapers, radio and television messages, instrument readings, etc. A person perceives information using the senses. Stores and processes it with the help of the brain and central nervous system. The transmitted information usually concerns some objects or ourselves and is associated with events taking place in the world around us.
The word "information" comes from the Latin word information, which in translation means information, explanation, familiarization. The concept of information was considered by ancient philosophers. Before the industrial revolution, “the definition of the essence of information remained the prerogative of mainly philosophers”. Further, the science of cybernetics, new at that time, began to consider issues of information theory.
Initially, the meaning of the word "information" was interpreted as something inherent only in human consciousness and communication - knowledge, information, news. Then the meaning of this word began to expand and generalize. So, from the standpoint of the materialistic theory of knowledge, one of the universal properties of matter (along with movement, development, space, time, etc.) was recognized as reflection, which consists in the ability to adequately reflect other real objects by one real object, and the very fact of reflection of one object in another and means the presence in it of information about the reflected object. Thus, as soon as the states of one object are in accordance with the states of another object (for example, the correspondence between the position of the voltmeter needle and the voltage at its terminals, or the correspondence between our sensation and reality), this means that one object reflects another, i.e. contains information about the other.
A feature of the concept of "information" is its universality - it is used in all spheres of human activity without exception: in philosophy, natural and humanitarian sciences, in biology, medicine, in human and animal psychology, in sociology, art, in technology and economics and, of course, in everyday life.
Currently, there is no single definition of the term information. From the point of view of various fields of knowledge, this concept is described by its specific set of features. In computer science, the following definition is widely used: “information is information transmitted by a source to a recipient (receiver)”. Information is always associated with a material medium, with material processes and has some idea. Information presented in some form is called a message. Messages are presented in the form of signals and data. Signals are used to transfer information in space between the source and the destination, and data is used for storage (that is, for transmission in time).
Let's look at a number of concepts related to information. Information is an intangible category; therefore, it must be associated with what material basis, without which it simply cannot exist. In this case, the storage of information is associated with fixing the state of the medium (for example, already printed text on paper), and the dissemination of information - with the process that takes place in the medium. The message thus serves as a carrier of information, and information is the content of the message.
The concept of "information" usually implies the presence of two objects - a source and a receiver of information. Information is transmitted from source to receiver in material and energy form in the form of signals that propagate in a certain environment. An information source is a subject or object that generates information and presents it in the form of a message. The recipient of information is a subject or object that receives a message and is able to interpret it correctly. The collection of technical means used to transfer messages from source to destination is called a communication system. Communication channel - a set of technical devices that ensure the transmission of a signal from a transmitter to a receiver. The encoder is designed to encode information (transform the original message from a source to a form convenient for transmitting information). The decoder is designed to convert the received message into the original.
A signal is a time-varying physical process, a change in the parameters of which carries information to the recipient. Data is the result of fixing, displaying information on any tangible medium, that is, a representation of information registered on the medium, regardless of whether this information has reached any receiver and whether it interests him. Data is the text of a book or letter, a painting of an artist, and DNA. The data that is the result of fixing some information can themselves act as a source of information. The information extracted from the data can be processed, and the processing results are recorded as new data. The general scheme of the relationship between the concepts of "information" and "data" in information systems can look like this: processes of the external world → I1 → D1 → I2 → D2 → I3 → ...
The collection of data representing a message on a tangible medium forms a document. A document is a material object containing information in a fixed form and specially designed for its transmission in time and space. A document is a tangible object that contains data that displays some information.
The characteristic features of the information are as follows:
1) it is the most important resource of modern production: it reduces the need for land, labor, capital, and reduces the consumption of raw materials and energy. So, for example, having the ability to archive your files (i.e., having such information), you cannot spend money on buying new floppy disks;
2) information gives rise to new industries. For example, the invention of the laser beam was the reason for the emergence and development of the production of laser (optical) discs;
3) information is a commodity, and the seller of information does not lose it after the sale. So, if a student informs his friend about the schedule of classes during the semester, he will not lose this data for himself;
4) information gives additional value to other resources, in particular, labor. Indeed, an employee with a higher education is valued more than an employee with a secondary education.
The quality of information is one of the most important parameters for the consumer of information. It is determined by the following characteristics:
- representativeness - the correct selection of information in order to adequately reflect the source of information;
- meaningfulness - the semantic capacity of information. It is calculated as the ratio of the amount of semantic information to its geometric amount;
- sufficiency (completeness) - the minimum but sufficient composition of data to achieve the goals pursued by the information consumer;
- accessibility - simplicity (or possibility) of performing procedures for obtaining and transforming information;
- relevance - depends on the dynamics of changes in the characteristics of information and is determined by the preservation of the value of information for the user at the time of its use;
- timeliness - admission no later than a predetermined date;
- accuracy - the degree of closeness of information to the real state of the information source;
- reliability - the property of information to reflect the source of information with the required accuracy;
- stability - the ability of information to respond to changes in the initial data without violating the required accuracy.