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Additional Reading Material / Websites References

• 
  David D. Woods et al (1994) Behind Human Error: Cognitive Systems, Computers, and Hindsight, CSERIAC State-of-the-Art Report, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, US.
  
• 
  Patrick Hudson, University of Leiden (2000) Non-Adherence to Procedures: Distinguishing Errors and Violations, presentation given to the 11^th Airbus Human Factors Symposium, Melbourne, Australia.
  

12. Violation

13. Contents

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  1 Definition
  
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  2 Consequences
  
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  3 Types of Violation
  
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  4 People Violate within Organisations
  
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  5 The Lethal Cocktail
  
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  6 Managing Violations
  
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  7 Relevant Accidents
  
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  8 Accidents & Incidents
  
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  9 Related Articles
  
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  10 Further Reading
  
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  11 References
  

14. Definition

A Violation is an intentional action (or inaction) that results in noncompliance with known rules, policies, procedures or acceptable norms.

Deliberate sabotage is in theory a violation, however, that is another subject, and this Article is concerned only with day-to-day cases of deviation from rules etc.

Violations are classified within Human Factors as one category of an “unsafe act”; the other category contains all “errors”.

The fundamental difference between errors and violations is that violations are deliberate, whereas errors are not. In other words, committing a violation is a conscious decision, whereas errors occur irrespective of one’s will to avoid them.

It is possible that someone unaware of a procedure will violate it, clearly without knowing. One could say, then, that this was not a deliberate act, despite it being a violation. Such scenarios do occur and the root cause is usually found within organisational factors rather than human.

James Reason states that the boundaries between errors and violations are not hard and fast, and he describes “system double-binds” that make violations inevitable, no matter how well-intentioned the operator may be.

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