Ishlatish joylari keltirilgan

XIII. HISOBLASH UCHUN MISOLLAR 360

1. 
   Ko‘p bo‘shliqli panellarni hisoblash va loyihalash 360
   
2. 
   Yig‘ma temirbeton ustunni loyihalash 366
   

13.3 . Ustun ostidagi markaziy yuklangan poydevorni hisoblash 377

4. 
   Tom konstruksiyalarini loyihalash 383
   
   1. 
      Umumiy ma’umotlar 383
      
   2. 
      Eni 3 m va uzunligi 6 m bo‘lgan yig‘ma tom paneli 386
      
   3. 
      Ravog‘i 6 m bo‘lgan yig‘ma tom to‘sini 415
      
   4. 
      Ravog‘i 9 m bo‘lgan yig‘ma tom to‘sini 429
      

Foydalangan adabiyotlar 452
ILOVALAR 455

O G L A V L E N I E

		str.
	V V E D E N I E	3
	K L A S S I F I K A S I YA I O B L A S T P R I M E N E N I YA J E L E Z O B E T O N N Ы X K O N S T R U K S I Y	4
1.	Glava 1. FIZIKO-MEXANICHESKIE SVOYSTVA BETONA, ARMATURNЫX STALEY	6
1.1	Beton	6
1 . 2	Armatura	25
1 . 3	Svoystva jelezobetona	47
2.	Glava 2.OSOBENNOSTI RASCHETA ELEMENTOV JELEZOBETONNЫX KONSTRUKSIY	50
2.1	Raschet konstruksiy po predelnыm sostoyaniyam	50
2.2	Nagruzki i vozdeystviya na jelezobetonnыe konstruksii	50
2.3	Trebovaniya k treщinostoykosti jelezobetonnыx konstruksiy	57
2.4	Raschet jelezobetonnыx elementov po predelnыm sostoyaniyam pervoy gruppы	64
2.5	Raschet jelezobetonnыx elementov po predelnыm sostoyaniyam vtoroy gruppы	71
3	Glava 3. RASCHET PROCHNOSTI IZGIBAEMЫX ELEMENTOV	74
3.1	Oblast primeneniya i vidы izgibaemыx elementov	74
3.2	Raschet prochnosti po normalnыm secheniyam	76
3.3	Raschet pryamougolnыx secheniy s odinochnoy armaturoy	79
3.4	Raschet pryamougolnыx secheniy s dvoynoy armaturoy	85
3.5	Raschet tavrovыx secheniy	90
3.6	Primerы rascheta izgibaemыx elementov	93
4	G l a v a 4. RASCHET PROCHNOSTI IZGIBAEMЫX ELEMENTOV PO NAKLONNЫM SECHENIYAM	105
4.1	Prochnost naklonnыx sechenii na deystvie poperechnыx sil	105
4.2	Raschet prochnosti naklonnыx secheniy na deystvie izgibayuщego momenta	113
5	Glava 5. RASCHET PROCHNOSTI SJATЫX ELEMENTOV	116
5.1	Oblast primeneniya i vidы sjatыx i rastyanutыx elementov	116
5.2	Raschet prochnosti sjatыx elementov so sluchaynыm ekssentrisitetom	118
5.3	Raschet prochnosti sjatыx elementov pri raschetnыx	120

	ekssentrisitetax
5.4	Konstruktivnыe osobennosti rastyanutыx elementov	126
5.5	Napryajennoe sostoyanie sentralno rastyanutыx elementov	126
5.6	Raschet prochnosti vnetsentrenno rastyanutыx elementov pryamougolnogo secheniya	127
6	Glava 6. PROEKTIROVANIE PREDVARITELNO NAPRYAJENNЫX KONSTRUKSIY	134
6.1	Suщnost predvaritelno napryajennogo jelezobetona	134
6.2	Sposobы sozdaniya predvaritelnogo napryajeniya	135
6.3	Poteri predvaritelnыx napryajeniy v armature
6.4	Raschet predvaritelno napryajennыx elementov po predelnыm sostoyaniyam pervoy gruppы	136
7	Glava 7. PROEKTIROVANIE I PRIMENENIE JELEZOBETONNЫX TREXSLOYNЫX KONSTRUKSIY	140
7.1	Covremennoe sostoyanie problemы
7.2	Konstruksii trexsloynыx paneley	140
7.2.1	Trexsloynыe paneli s gibkimi svyazyami	141
7.2.2	Trexsloynыe jelezobetonnыe paneli s monolitno- svyazannыmi sloyami	141
7.3	Osobennosti rascheta	145
7.3.1	Trexsloynыe stenovыe paneli s gibkimi svyazyami i effektivnыm uteplitelem	147
7.3.1.1	Uchet sovmestnoy rabotы sloev v uprugoy stadii	148
7.3.2	Raschet izgibaemыx mnogosloynыx elementov monolitnogo secheniya	152
7.4	Ekonomicheskaya effektivnost trexsloynыx stenovыx paneley	153
	LITERATURA	157

Content
Characters used in the design of reinforced concrete structures INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION AND SCOPE OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES CHAPTER 1. PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE, reinforcing steel 11

1. 
   concrete classification 12
   
2. 
   concrete structure 19
   
3. 
   concrete strength 19
   
4. 
   class and grade of concrete… 21
   

12. Armature 24
CONTROL QUESTIONS 33
Chapter 2. Features CALCULATION ELEMENTS CONCRETE STRUCTURES

1. 
   Calculation of structures for limit states 34
   
2. 
   Calculation of reinforced concrete elements for limit states of the first group
   

……………………………………………………………..……………………34

1. 
   Normative and calculated resistance materials 35
   
2. 
   Effects of stress on concrete structures 37
   
1. 
   to crack resistance of reinforced concrete structures Requirements
   
2. 
   Losses pre-stresses in the armature 39
   
3. 
   Calculation of reinforced concrete elements for limit states of the second group 46
   

CONTROL QUESTIONS
Chapter 3. CALCULATION OF STRENGTH bent elements

1. 
   Scope and types of bent elements 47
   
2. 
   Strength calculation on the normal section 49
   
3. 
   Calculation of rectangular cross-sections with a single armature… 51
   
4. 
   Calculation of rectangular sections with a double armature 57
   
5. 
   Calculation of T -sections 60
   

CONTROL QUESTIONS. 63
Chapter 4. CALCULATION OF STRENGTH bent elements of oblique sections

1. 
   . The strength of the inclined section to the effect of shear forces 64
   
2. 
   . Calculation of the strength of the inclined section to the effect of shear forces 66
   

4.3. Calculation of the strength of the inclined sections of the action of bending moment 70
CHECKLIST 74
Chapter 5. CALCULATION OF STRENGTH struts

1. 
   Scope and types of compression and tension members 75
   
2. 
   Calculation of the strength of the central struts 77
   
3. 
   Calculation of the strength of the compressed elements at design eccentricities 79
   
4. 
   Central tension member. Applications and types of tension members 82
   
5. 
   Stress state central tension members 85
   
6. 
   Calculation of the strength of the central and eccentrically stretched elements 86
   

CHECKLIST 87
Chapter VI . Overloaded elements of calculation and design principles 88

1. 
   The essence of pre-stressed concrete 88
   
2. 
   Methodsofpre-stressing 88
   
3. 
   Themain rule of the design of pre-stressed elements 90
   
4. 
   Strained state due to the influence of external forces before the normal section of the tendon 92
   
5. 
   Calculation of pre-stressed elements bent on limiting conditions of the first group 94
   
6. 
   Calculation of pre-stressed tension members the central limit state of the first group 94
   

7. 
   Bob. Multilayer structures 95
   

1. 
   Design and application of concrete multilayer structures 95
   
2. 
   Construction of sandwich panels 97
   
   1. 
      Sandwich panels with flexible connections 97
      
   2. 
      Three-layer reinforced concrete panels with cast-related layers 102
      
3. 
   The essence of the design of three-layer structure 104
   
   1. 
      The three-layer wall panels with flexible connections and effective insulation 104
      
      1. 
         Accounting for joint work in the elastic layers of the stage 104
         
   2. 
      Calculation of bent multilayer monolithic elements section 107
      
4. 
   The cost-effectiveness of three-layer wall panels 108
   

8. 
   Tasks to decision 111
   
   1. 
      Calculation and design multivacuum panel 111
      

2. 
   . Design precast concrete columns 115
   
3. 
   . Calculation Central loaded bases under columns 121
   

4. 
   Design of roof construction 125
   
   1. 
      . General information 125
      
   2. 
      .Team roof panels with a length of 6 m and 3 m width 126
      
   3. 
      .Folding roof girder with length arch 6 M 142
      
   4. 
      .Folding roof girder with length arch 9 m 151
      

Literature 168

KIRISH

Respublikamiz iqtisodiyotining rivojlanishida ilmiy-texnik taraqqiyotining jadalligi muhim rol o‘ynaydi.
Ilmiy-texnik taraqqiyotni jadallashtirish uchun qurilish yuqori texnologik jarayonida aylantirish, zavod sharoitida tayyorlanadigan qurilish buyumlari va konstruksiyalarini tayyorlashda yuqori mustahkamlikka ega bo‘lgan ashyolar ishlatish evaziga va ularning sifatini oshirish, loyihaviy va qurilish ishlarining narxini kamaytirish va texnik-iqtisodiy ko‘rsatkichlarini yaxshilash hamda ob’ektlarni barpo qilish muddatini qisqartirish talab etiladi.
Zamonaviy qurilish temirbetonsiz tasavvur qilib bo‘lmaydi. Temirbeton keng ko‘lamda qo‘llaniladigan poydevorlar, to‘sin, ustun va to‘siq konstruksiyalarini tayyolashda ishlatiladi.
Mazkur darslik “Qurilish materiallari, buyumlari va konstruksiyalari ishlab chiqarish”, yo‘nalishi va “Bino va inshootlar qurilishi” yo‘nalishlari va mutaxassislaklari dasturiga moslab yozilgan. Darslikni asosiy maqsadi bo‘lg‘usi qurilish konstruksiyalarini ishlab chiqarish texnologiyasi mutaxassislariga temirbeton konstruksiyalarini loyihalash va hisoblashning asosiy prinsiplarini o‘rgatishdan iboratdir. Konstruksiyalarning mustahkamligi, bikrligi hamda ko‘pga chidamlilik sifatini oshirish asosiy vazifa va talabalardan biri hisoblanadi.
Hozirgi davrda qurilish konstruksiyalarini jadal su’ratda rivojlantirish uchun ularni hisoblashda va loyihalashda usullarini takomillashtirish talab etiladi.
Zavod sharoitida tayyorlanadigan qurilish konstruksiyalarini loyihalashda zamonaviy elektron hisoblash mashinalardan foydalanish,
konstruksiyalarining ishchi chizmalarini tayyorlashda zamonaviy dasturlardan foydalanish injener-texnik xodimlarning ishini ancha engillashtiradi.
Ma’lumki beton siqilishda yaxshi, cho‘zilishga esa yomon qarshilik ko‘rsatadigan sun’iy tosh materiali hisoblanadi. Betonning siqilishga bo‘lgan mustahkamligi cho‘zilishga nisbatan 15-20 marotaba ko‘pdir. Betonning cho‘zilishdagi qarshiligi kam bo‘lganligi sababli betondan tayyorlangan konstruksiyalar egilishga ko‘p yuk ko‘tara olmaydi. Egiladigan beton elementning cho‘zilish zonasiga armatura joylashtirilsa, elemenetning mustahkamligi keskin oshadi. Armatura siqilishga ham cho‘zilishga ham yaxshi qarshilik ko‘rsatganligi tufayli cho‘ziladigan, siqiladigan hamda egiladigan elementlarning yuk ko‘tara olish qobilyatini oshiradi.
Tanasining armatura joylashtirilgan beton konstruksiyalar temirbeton konstruksiyalar deb ataladi.
Beton va temirbetondan tayyorlanadigan konstruksiyalarining qurilishdagi salmog‘i boshqa materiallardan tayyorlangan konstruksiyalarga nisbatan ancha katta bo‘lganligi sababli unga katta e’tibor berilmoqda. Temirbetondan tayyorlanadigan konstruksiyalar takomillashtirilmoqda. Olim va injenerlarning keng ko‘lamda olib borayotgan taqdiqiqotlari asosida temirbeton nazaryasi rivojlanmoqda va yangi ma’lumotlar bilan to‘ldirilmoqda. Hisoblash uslubi takomillashtirilmoqda va temirbeton konstruksiyalarni hisoblashda elektron hisoblash mashinlari (EHM) qo‘llanilmoqda. Natijada temirbeton konstruksiyalarini loyihalashning me’yori yangilandi va qo‘llanmalar ishlab chiqilmoqda.
Darslik temirbeton konstruksiyalarini tayyorlash uchun qo‘llaniladigan beton va armaturalar haqida ma’lumot, temirbeton konstruksiyalarining elementlarini chegaraviy holatlar bo‘yicha hisoblash uslubi va ishonchlilikka hisoblash asoslari yoritilgan. Egiladigan, markaziy va nomarkaziy siqiladigan hamda markaziy va nomarkaziy cho‘ziladigan, mahalliy siqilishga ishlaydigan hamda murakkab kuchlanish holatida ishlaydigan elementlarni hisoblash va loyihalash asoslari keltirilgan.
Temirbeton hamma sohalardagi zamonaviy qurilishlarda keng qo‘llanilmoqda, chunki u chidamli, mahalliy qurilish materiallaridan foydalanish mumkin, metall tejamli sarflanadi, ko‘rinishi salobatli va turli shakllarga ega. Qurilishda quyma, yig‘ma va yig‘ma-quyma temirbeton qo‘llanadi. Quyma temirbeton qurilmasi qurilishda loyiha ko‘rinishida tayyorlanadi. Undan kam takrorlanuvchi va bo‘linishi (ajratilishi) qiyin bo‘lgan inshootlar bunyod etiladi. Quyma temirbetondan qurilgan inshootlatga hohlagan ko‘rinishni berish mumkin, ular mustahkam va metall sarf bo‘lishi jihatdanidan anchagina tejamlidir.
Temirbeton konstruksiyalar bir necha turga bo‘linishi mumkin:
a) qo‘llanishiga ko‘ra – turar joy, sanoat, qishloq va suv xo‘jaligi qurilishi, transport, energetik qurilish va boshqalar;
b) materialiga ko‘ra – og‘ir betondan, g‘ovak to‘ldiruvchili betondan va uyasimon betondan:
v) bajarilish usuliga ko‘ra – yaxlit, bevosita qurilish ob’ektlarida barpo qilinadigan; yig‘ma, zavod va poligonlarda tayyorlanadigan; yig‘ma– yaxlit, bir qismi yig‘ma elementlardek tayyorlanib, qurilish ob’ektlarida yaxlit beton yordamida loyihaviy o‘lchamlarga etkaziladigan konstruksiya;
g) armaturalash usuliga ko‘ra – oddiy armaturlash (sinchlar, turlar va alohida sterjenlar bilan) va yuqori mustaqamli armaturalar bilan ularni oldindan zo‘riqtirib armaturalanadi.
Konstruksiyalarda armaturaning beton bilan birgalikda ishlashini ta’minlaydigan omillar quyidagilardan iborat:

1. 
   qotish jarayonida beton va po‘lat armatura bir–biriga maxkam yopishadi;
   
2. 
   zich beton po‘lat armaturani zanglashdan va yong‘indan asraydi;
   
3. 
   armatura va betonning temperatura ta’sirida chiziqli kengayish koeffitsientlari bir–biriga juda yaqin (beton uchun _bT=(1…1,5)10^–5; armatura uchun esa _bT=1,2x10^–5.
   

Bu omillar temirbetonning ishlab chiqarishda keng qo‘llanishini ta’minlaydi. Har qanday material kabi temirbeton ham afzalliklar va kamchiliklarga ega.