Figure 3.18
An example of a content distribution network in retail service, using a Ku-band GEO
satellite. (
Source:
JSAT International, Inc.)
3.2
Point-to-Multipoint (Broadcast) Networks
101
Iridium takes this one step further by using intersatellite links, indicated by the
broken arrows at the top of Figure 3.18. Both Iridium and Globalstar were designed
to service handheld satellite phones; like all other MSS systems, the user must
maintain a clear, unobstructed path to the satellite to assure that the telephone
call can be initiated and maintained for its expected duration. With LEO satellites
in constant motion relative to the user, this gives the additional requirement that
the user be out in the open, such is in a field or on a rooftop. Otherwise, the
connection will be broken when the satellite/phone signals are blocked for more
than a few seconds. Voice quality on the link is generally below that of a normal
cell phone because of the reduced bit rate that can be provided. However, users
generally accept the degraded quality because of the ability to communicate where
no other reliable means is available.
The fixed ground segment in Figure 3.18 could consist of a single Earth station
for a system composed of GEO satellites serving one country. For a global system
like Inmarsat, there would be facilities across the globe to provide service in particu-
lar countries. Because of the intersatellite links, the Iridium system only requires
one Earth station, which is what existed for some years following bankruptcy and
reorganization under new owners. Globalstar does not have intersatellite links and
so relies on gateway Earth stations for each country being served (and multiple
Earth stations across large countries like the United States and Russia because of
the range limitation of a single satellite). The fixed Earth stations can employ a
variety of frequencies for the feeder and control links to the satellites, such as C-,
X-, Ku-, and Ka-bands. GEO satellites can be served from limited motion antennas
while the LEO satellites require full-tracking antennas on the ground (including
three to four at the same location for handoff).
MSS systems have an association with global position services, like GPS and
GLONASS. The mobile user may need to be located so that the appropriate charges
for service are made. Also, the phone instrument itself can be used to accept the
input from a GPS receiver and relay position data back through the satellite network
to a central dispatch point. This allows the tracking of vehicles, ships, and aircraft
on a reliable basis. The satellite system can also be used to improve the accuracy
of position measurement by sending correction information to the mobile user.
3.2.4.2
Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service
S-DARS is in the process of joining DBS as a major segment of the satellite communi-
cations industry. In the United States, S-DARS has achieved nearly 10 million
subscribers and continues to penetrate both the vehicular and home markets. This
is probably because of the wide array of music and talk channels offered on a
consistent basis throughout the country. Other S-DARS systems are operating in
Asia and Africa, although neither has achieved the level of acceptance as in the
United States.
The architecture of a typical S-DARS network in Figure 3.19 consists of at
least two high-power satellites that downlink the broadcast at either L- or S-band.
Two orbital arrangements have been applied: standard GEO and a highly elliptical
inclined orbit (HEO) with a 24-hour period. As illustrated in Figure 3.20, the first
generation Sirius Satellite Radio system has three satellites in HEO at 120-degree
102
Satellite Network Architectures
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