3.2
Point-to-Multipoint (Broadcast) Networks
95
because of its low cost of making the program channel available throughout the
country. Today, approximately one-third of all domestic or regional satellite tran-
sponders are employed for cable program distribution.
Classes of Cable Programming
Several classes of specialized cable programming exist, as summarized in Table
3.3. Many are available internationally over C-band and Ku-band satellites, from
which they can be received through DTH and local cable services. The satellite-
delivered channels are each focused into particular niches. HBO established the
most lucrative niche, that of recent movies. In fact, prior to widespread use of
VCRs, HBO and Showtime (a service of Viacom International) provided the only
means to watch recent movies uninterrupted by commercials. To continuously
receive those services along with the regular channels, subscribers pay an additional
monthly fee, which is shared between the programmer and the cable system opera-
tor. The revenue of the programmer is then used like the advertising revenues of
a commercial TV network, paying for the acquisition of programming and for its
distribution by satellite.
Because of the marketing strategies of the movie studios that produce most of
the product offered by the premium services like HBO and Showtime, there is a
time delay (release window) of 6 months or more between when a movie is first
shown in movie theaters and when it is made available to cable. Furthermore, the
time delay is somewhat shorter with regard to the availability on DVDs for home
usage. A VOD service allows the subscriber to receive a specific movie for a fee.
Because the administration of this type of service is complicated, the ordering
function usually is implemented through the settop box. HDTV has had a significant
impact on cable TV, both in terms of its attraction to the consumer and the costs
of providing programming and bandwidth.
Satellite Utilization in Cable TV
The satellite delivery system used by cable essentially is identical to that employed
by the networks. Program distribution satellites are used to carry the cable program-
ming channels to dishes at cable system head ends. A typical cable system head
end in the United States will continuously receive 100 satellite delivered channels,
coming from three to six different satellites. That means multiple receiving antennas
are required. The cost of the receiving antenna is relatively low because of the
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: