Introduction to Satellite Communication 3rd Edition


Source of the Original Idea



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ebooksclub.org Introduction to Satellite Communication Artech House Space Applications

2.1
Source of the Original Idea
While various individuals in the early part of this century recognized the existence
of the 24-hour geostationary orbit, it is the late science fiction author Arthur C.
Clarke who is credited with conceiving of the application to communication satel-
lites. His article on extraterrestrial relays in
Wireless World
magazine back in 1945
specifically describes a three-satellite worldwide network, including a drawing
similar to Figure 1.1. As a result, the GEO is also called the Clarke Orbit, in
recognition of Mr. Clarke’s forethought. He knew at that time that the requisite
electronic and spacecraft technology would take a few years to develop; in fact, it
was not until the early 1960s that the first workable spacecraft was built and
launched into geosynchronous orbit.
Following the launch of the Soviet Sputnik satellite in 1957, the United States
accelerated its space program and many proposals were developed for space relay
satellites. The geosynchronous satellite was thought by many to be too speculative,
and efforts were centered instead on LEO passive reflector and active repeater
technology. Programs like Echo, Advent, Telstar, Courier, and Relay were pursued
39


40
Evolution of Satellite Communication
Figure 2.1
Timeline of critical events in the satellite communications industry.
by NASA (and AT&T in the case of Telstar) in hopes of coming up with a
viable system that would be competitive with terrestrial radio, buried cable, and
transoceanic cable. The feeling in that community was that LEO was the appropriate
orbit because of the reduced time delay and the difficulty of constructing and
operating a workable GEO spacecraft. It is interesting that a few non-GEO systems
have been deployed although their long-term future is still being debated.

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