32
Fundamentals of Satellite Systems
reception at the Earth station (i.e., the downlink), and RF energy from an Earth
station uplink can leak through antenna side lobes toward a terrestrial microwave
receiver and disturb its operation. That incompatibility is addressed through the
ITU’s processes of: (1) requiring both types of stations to control emissions through
technical sharing criteria, and (2) conducting terrestrial frequency coordination
when signals could traverse national borders.
Shielding is the technique by which sharing can be made to work (Figure 1.27).
Let’s say that an Earth station must be located about 30 km from a terrestrial
microwave station that either transmits or receives on the same C-band frequency.
The signals could be blocked or at least greatly attenuated by a natural or man-
made obstacle located very near the Earth station antenna but between it and the
terrestrial microwave station. As stated at the beginning of this chapter, microwave
signals travel in a straight line, and one would expect that an obstacle would block
them entirely. However, microwave energy can bend over the top of such an
obstacle through electromagnetic diffraction. Visible light, being electromagnetic
in nature, also will bend over a knife-edge obstacle. What diffraction does is cause
the wave to propagate over the top of the obstacle and thereby potentially interfere
with reception on the other side. The amount of bending can be predicted and is
a function of the distances between the source, the obstacle, and the receiver, as
well as of the height differences (indicated in Figure 1.27 by H
1
and H
2
). If the
height differences are large, causing the antenna or antennas to lie well below the
top of the obstacle, little signal will reach the receiver and good shielding is therefore
achieved. Note that shielding is equal for both directions of propagation (i.e., from
Earth station to terrestrial microwave tower and vice versa).
A distance of greater than 50 km usually provides adequate natural shielding
from the curvature of the Earth augmented by foliage and man-made structures.
Obviously, if the microwave station is on top of a high building or a mountain,
the Earth station siting engineer will have to look long and hard for adequate
natural shielding. Man-made shielding in the form of a 10–20-m metal or concrete
wall has proved effective in such difficult situations.
C-band must live with yet another aspect of sharing: the ITU regulation that
attempts to protect terrestrial radio receivers from direct satellite radiated signals.
The level of such signals is low relative to that emanating from an Earth station;
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