Figure 1.25
Effect of wide-beam Earth station antennas on GEO arc utilization.
Figure 1.26
Improved GEO arc utilization from narrow Earth station antenna beams.
narrowed to the point that three satellites can be moved closer together while
maintaining the desired isolation. The same result is obtained at L- or S-band if
the diameter of the Earth station antenna is increased. Whenever we use a narrower
beam to allow more satellites to operate, we introduce a need to point the ground
30
Fundamentals of Satellite Systems
antenna more precisely. Typically, we would use a reflector-type antenna, familiar
to home DTH installations. The advantage to the more broad beams for simple
L- and S-band antennas is that they do not have to be pointed toward the satellite,
thus facilitating mobile and personal communication applications.
The Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) system operates in a segment of L-band
and employs non-GEO satellites at approximately 26,500-km altitude. Each satellite
transmits in the same bandwidth using a different CDMA spreading code. Thus,
a receiver such as a car navigation system with its single omnidirectional antenna
can recover data from multiple satellites and from this data compute a precise
location [2].
An important clarification to be made at this point is that while L- and S-bands
may be forgiving as to propagation around natural and man-made obstacles, it is
still desirable and often necessary that there be a clear line-of-sight path between
the Earth station and the satellite. This means that nothing other than the Earth’s
atmosphere should be present along the path; otherwise any physical media such
as wood, stone, concrete, metal, or earth will reduce signal strength and potentially
introduce forms of interference referred to as multipath. This is discussed further
in Chapter 4.
Larger parabolic reflector antennas are practical for L-band ship-to-shore satel-
lite communications. These satellites are operated by Inmarsat, the global provider
of international maritime communications. Until 1990, ships at sea depended pri-
marily on HF radio communication using Morse code; that was replaced by Inmar-
sat terminal usage as the service achieved 100% penetration on large commercial
vessels. An Inmarsat terminal can pass one or more digital telephone channels plus
two-way data. The ship’s directional antenna is protected from the elements by an
umbrella-shaped ‘‘radome.’’ To compensate for the rolling and pitching of the ship,
the antenna is attached to a controlled mount that centers the beam on the satellite.
The satellite repeater translates the link to C-band for transmission to a fixed Earth
station. Telephone and data traffic then can be routed to distant points over the
public telephone network and the Internet. The maritime mobile satellite system
is being expanded, but the number of satellites that can operate simultaneously
around the world is limited to fewer than 25. Such mobile services provide reliable
communications with ships, airplanes, vehicles, and individuals as they move at
will.
S-band, nominally centered at 2.5 GHz (just below C-band), was used for the
downlink on the first experimental geosynchronous satellite, SYNCOM. It is even
closer than C-band to the optimum frequency for space communications and is one
of the bands preferred by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) for communication with scientific deep-space probes. However, the amount
of bandwidth is much less than that afforded by C- and Ku-bands.
The Globalstar non-GEO system employs S-band for the downlink to mobile
users. That choice was driven by the need for adequate bandwidth at a frequency
that can adapt to the wide variety of situations that users will experience in their
day-to-day lives. Satellite digital audio radio service (S-DARS) and mobile TV
likewise employ the S-band.
1.4
Frequency Spectrum Allocations
31
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |