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Satellite Operations and Organization
As payload complexity increases, the requirements for ground-commanded
changes increase as well. On the extreme is the digital processing repeater with
the capability to route narrowband IF channels or baseband packets. The particular
routing pattern or channelization can be preloaded through the command uplink
or as a separate processor-control link, checked for accuracy and then activated
to provide a particular service arrangement or pattern. That can be changed as
frequently as dictated by the network, in periods as short as one second or longer
than one month—it all depends on the processor design and the dynamics of the
traffic.
Another type of payload is one that can establish connections on an individual
call basis (similar to dialup telephone service). The request for service comes directly
from the user and is relayed over the control link to the payload processor. There
is no requirement for human intervention at the control center; rather, the system
operates autonomously like a telephone exchange or cellular telephone network.
The network control system on the ground should manage the end-to-end connec-
tion and perform such functions as collecting call records, tracking problems, and
billing for services.
As payloads become more complex, management of onboard communication
equipment and the actual links themselves become the most complex task of satellite
operation. Traffic in such a system is dynamic and can produce interesting and
unexpected effects, depending on the particular distribution and timing of user
demand in local areas and throughout the entire network. Examples of such net-
works have existed for many years on the ground, the U.S. long-distance telephone
network operated by AT&T being a good example. For this case, AT&T maintains
a major network management center in Bedminster, New Jersey, that can track
telephone traffic demand at every node and on every link in the network.
A major satellite operator like Intelsat has not had to go that far for its system
because its primary role is to provide transponder bandwidth to users. Individual
satellites are monitored through TT&C Earth stations that are strategically located
to view every satellite. Traffic is monitored using automated test equipment that
then transfers the information to the headquarters. Communications controllers
can observe the overall downlink performance of each satellite and coordinate
corrective action wherever it is needed.
The approaches to managing user terminals in non-GEO systems were reviewed
in Section 11.3.2. The first global mobile satellite system to go into service, Iridium,
demands substantial resources and capabilities to carry out the needed payload
management function. Each payload acts as a channel router for information
packets that contain digitized telephone traffic and control information. The inte-
grated system of satellites, control stations, and network control places large
demands on network management computers and software.
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