9.7
Major Classes of Earth Stations
A unique class of Earth station is employed for each type of communication service
being rendered. In addition, the size and the complexity of a station depend on
Figure 9.18
Protection of personnel and buildings from local RF fields around the transmitting
Earth station antenna.
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Earth Stations and Network Technology
the quantity of traffic and, if appropriate, the variety of services offered. This
section briefly describes some of the more common station configurations in use
for broadband communications. To start off, the TT&C Earth station and its
associated satellite control center are presented to give the reader a feel for the
scope of the ground facility used to operate the space segment. The rest of the
section covers stations ranging in size from the largest class (used for television
uplinking, bulk data transmission, and MSS gateway service) to the smallest
(VSATs, TVROs, and tabletop and handheld MSS UTs).
9.7.1
TT&C Ground Facilities
The TT&C ground facilities of a satellite operator cover a variety of functions and
capabilities, as depicted in Figure 9.19. In some systems, all the functions are
centralized at one location to minimize capital and operating expenses. That
approach occupies the least land and building space and can economize on equip-
ment. Additional savings accrue from minimizing expenses for running the buildings
and by being efficient in the use of personnel. For example, a single maintenance
team can service all the electronic equipment. A second approach splits the facility
between a TT&C Earth station and an SCC, as indicated by the vertical broken
line in Figure 9.19. Using a tail link such as microwave or leased private lines, the
SCC is established at a distant point, such as the headquarters of the satellite
operator. That is advantageous where much of the business is carried out in a
central city and the TT&C is located remotely to avoid RFI and environmental
hazards. It also is the case in non-GEO systems because a given TT&C station can
view only a few satellites at any time. This section reviews the design and capability
of each half in the TT&C facility. More detail on the operation of these facilities
is provided in Chapter 11.
9.7.1.1
TT&C Earth Station
The TT&C station has essentially the same capability as the generic Earth station
given in Figure 9.1, incorporating the RF terminal, baseband equipment, and
terrestrial interface (appropriate to a separated SCC). The antennas employed for
GEO satellites are usually 10–13m in diameter (whether C-, Ku-, or Ka-band) to
provide the maximum possible link margin because transfer orbit and potential
abnormal on-orbit conditions need to be accommodated. In a typical TT&C station
for GEO operations, there is one limited motion antenna pointed at each operational
satellite (two are assumed in the illustration), while the full tracking antenna is
used for transfer orbit operations and for testing purposes during the life of the
satellites. A TT&C station used for a non-GEO constellation must, of necessity,
rely on tracking antennas, which also function for communications. An example
of a TT&C station with full and limited motion antennas is shown in Figure 9.20.
All antennas aid in tracking the satellites’ positions by providing azimuth and
elevation readouts to the data processing system from their respective mounts. The
full tracking and limited motion RF terminals interface with the rest of the station
at intermediate frequency.
9.7
Major Classes of Earth Stations
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