9.4
Intermediate Frequency and Baseband Equipment
The IF and baseband equipment, illustrated in Figure 9.1, establish the basic service
capabilities of the Earth station, including modulation and FEC, multiple access
method, and interface to the user or terrestrial network. In many cases, this portion
represents the largest investment on the ground, particularly for a major gateway
or network control facility. That is because, while the RF terminal usually is fixed
for a particular application, the quantity and the design of the baseband equipment
must be adjusted to support the bandwidth and communication applications the
stations serve. This section reviews typical configurations of the major elements
of this section of the Earth station.
9.4.1
Modulators, Demodulators, and Modems
The most essential portion of the baseband-to-IF chain consists of the modulator
and demodulator or a combination of the two, called a modem. On the receive
side, the demodulator detects the incoming carrier, synchronizes the data, performs
error correction and outputs a clean bitstream for the particular application. The
transmit side works in the opposite direction. Threshold performance in terms of
error rate and synchronization is determined at this level of the station. Because
there must be one modem for each frequency, multicarrier FDMA stations can
contain large quantities of these units, representing a sizable investment. In TDMA
star networks, some frequency channels are shared by several Earth stations. There
would need to be only a single modem per Earth station, since it can receive the
bursts from the other Earth stations so long as they do not overlap in time. That
is, of course, central to the operation of a TDMA network (as opposed to a CDMA
network, where stations may transmit simultaneously on the same frequency).
Figure 9.14 is a block diagram of a typical BPSK digital modem, such as that
used in a TDMA VSAT. Modulation is provided by mixing the data with a 70-MHz
carrier, inverting the sinewave when a change from 1 to 0 (or vice versa) is desired.
We obtain QPSK by adding a 90-degree phase shift to a second modulated stream
of data, thus doubling the use of the uplink frequency channel. Reception works
in the reverse direction, using the same mixing process but resulting in the original
data being recovered. Additional circuitry is needed on the receive side to remove
statellite link noise and resolve the bit pattern. The latter is accomplished by a
decision circuit that, simply enough, decides if the received bit is a 1 or a 0. The
presence of noise and distortion in the demodulated bits causes the decision circuit
to make a bad decision occasionally, a process that gives bit errors. It is the average
rate of those errors, the BER, that determines received data quality.
The typical satellite modem (and terrestrial modem, as well) also contains the
FEC coding and decoding circuitry that reduces the BER by factors of 100 to
10,000, depending on the strength of the coding technique. Other functions include
burst synchronization for TDMA, baseband processing such as compression/decom-
pression, and encryption/decryption, if appropriate. More options for the modem,
including bandwidth-efficient modulation (BEM), can be found in Chapter 5.
9.5
Tail Links and Terrestrial Interface
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