Introducing English Linguistics

Having developed these models
the pupil is in a position to communi-
cate much more readily with other technical people who can manipu-
late similar models. 
(BNC CLP 1054)
In the next example, the reason why Romtvedt writes is spelled out explic-
itly in the finite because clause:
I do not think Romtvedt has a careerist bone in his body; he writes poet-
ry, or writes prose, because that is what he needs to write. 
(ICE-USA W2A-005)
Stance and linking adverbials are much less closely integrated into the
clauses in which they occur. The stance adverbials in the examples below –
an adverb, prepositional phrase, and two finite clauses, respectively –
enable the speaker or writer to comment directly on what is being stat-
ed. By using certainly in the first example, for instance, the speaker is
expressing certainty in his belief about glaciation in Scandinavia:
Certainly
, there was a tremendous amount of glaciation in the
Scandinavian countries 
(MICASE LES305MU108)
In the next example, the phrase In essence indicates that the writer
believes that the crux of the problem in schools involves certain attitudes
and behaviors:

---

146
INTRODUCING ENGLISH LINGUISTICS
In essence
, schools are often reactive and the individuals within them
victims because of a lack of management skills, procedures and perspec-
tives. 
(BNC AM7 1041)
And I think and I believe are so common in speech because they allow speak-
ers to qualify the truth of statements that they make:
And he was too articulate I think. 
(CIC)
And the Labour Party I believe want sanctions to work. 
(ICE-GB S1B-35 028)
Like stance adverbials, linking adverbials are loosely integrated into the
clause, largely because they indicate connections between clauses in a
text. These kinds of adverbials were discussed in the last chapter in the
section on cohesion; they help signpost relationships between parts of a
text. The clause What is more in the example below is additive, indicating
that a related point is being added to the previous point made. The adverb
none the less is contrastive and introduces a point contrary to the writer’s
previous assertion.
Now, on the basis of a number of well-documented opinion polls, W.
Harvey Cox (1985) argues that the majority in the Republic of Ireland
favouring reunification is barely two to one, and that in the island as a
whole it is three to two.