4.1ShortTerm:RenewDialogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2MediumTerm:RebuildTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3LongTerm:RestoreSecurity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3
REINHARD KRUMM | EUROPE’S SECURITY GOVERNANCE AND TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONS
»Ourwiderregionhasbecomemoreunstableand
moreinsecure«.
(FedericaMogherini,HighRepresentativeoftheEUfor
ForeignAffairsandSecurityPolicy)
Since 2014 the foundation of the European security
order has been under threat. The forgotten Cold War
uncertainty as to a peaceful future is back. Russia, by
annexing the Crimean peninsula and fomenting a civil
war in Eastern Ukraine, has violated and questioned
international law and principles, bringing the hitherto
unprecedented peaceful cooperation between the EU
andtheRussianFederationtoanend.
As a result of Russia’s actions, the US and EU agreed
uponeconomicsanctionsandvisabansforhigh-ranking
Russian officials who participated in or supported the
aggression.ThetwosubsequentNATOsummitsinWales
(2014) and Warsaw (2016) revived the issue of deter-
renceagainstRussia.PhilipM.Breedlove,untilrecently
head of US European Command and NATO’s Supreme
AlliedCommander(SACEUR),seesRussiaasan»endur-
ing,globalthreat«.
1
WhatwentwrongwithEuropeansecurityoverthepast
quarter of a century? The future of European security
lookedsobrightin1990.TheParisCharteroftheCon-
ferenceonSecurityandCo-operationinEurope(CSCE),
basedontheHelsinkiFinalActof1975,markedanew
beginning: »The era of confrontation and division of
Europehasended.Wedeclarethathenceforthourrela-
tionswillbefoundedonrespectandco-operation.«
2
The
samespiritcouldbefoundintheViennaDocumenton
confidence-andsecurity-buildingmeasures.
Europe was at peace; the threat of war was gone. In
the last days of the Soviet Union, General Secretary
Mikhail Gorbachev understood the uselessness of the
armsrace,accordingtohisadviserAnatolyChernyaev,
»becausenobodywouldattackusevenifwedisarmed
1. Philip M. Breedlove: How to Handle Russia and other Threats,
in: Foreign Affairs, June 13, 2016, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/
print/1117656.
2. OSCE»CharterofParisforaNewEurope«,Paris1990,page3.
3. DavidE.Hoffman,TheDeadHand,NewYork2009,page238.
completely«.
3
TheConventionalArmedForcesinEurope
(CFE)Treatycameintoforce,preventing,througharms
limitationandinspection,anybuild-upofmilitaryforces
tooverrunaneighbouringcountry.Acooperative,inter-
est- and even value-based peace and security order in
Europeseemedareality.
Butastateofincreasingmistrustbeganinthenineties,
which continued with the so-called »Coloured Revolu-
tions« in Georgia (2003) and Ukraine (2004) and with
NATO’s eastward enlargement, US plans to install a
missiledefencesystem–whichtheRussiansconsidered
athreattotheirnucleardeterrent–inEasternEurope,
NATO’soffertoGeorgiaandUkraineofaprospectfor
membershipatanunspecifiedfuturetime,andeventu-
allyRussia’swarinGeorgiain2008.Thisworryingtrend
culminated in Russia’s annexation of Crimea and the
interventionintheDonbas.
There are no longer opposing blocs with contradicting
ideologies. Disagreement no longer follows the line
betweentheUSandWesternEuropeontheonehand
andRussiaandtheEasternblocontheother.Insteadof
twosuperpowersdecidingthestateofsecurityinEurope
there are now many more stakeholders, including six
countries left stranded in the middle and whose inter-
ests all diverge – Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Armenia,
Georgia and Azerbaijan. I would like to call these the
BUMAGA region, after the Russian word for »paper«.
Thegeographic»region«encompassingthesesixstates
exists,infact,onlyonpaper.
4
Moreover,thisnewconflictdoesnothaveaglobalmag-
nitude(nottorivalthatoftheColdWar)andisbyno
meansthemainchallengefacingtheworldtoday.The
EU,whichissufferingfrommanyinternalissues,iscon-
frontedwiththeseveralthreatsandproblemsthataffect
theUSandRussiaaswell:terrorbyreligiousextremists,
thethreatoftheIslamicStateintheMiddleEast,aself-
confident China and a struggling Turkey. The new EU
GlobalStrategyputsitbluntly:»Weliveintimesofexis-
tentialcrisis,withinandbeyondtheEuropeanUnion.«
5
4. Thesixcountries,whicharereal,independentandsovereignstates,
haveincommononlythefactthattheywereonceformerSovietrepub-
lics.Termssuchas»countriesin-between«or»greyzonecountries«could
beinterpretedasderogatory.AndtheEUterm»EasternPartnership«de-
scribesnophysicalgeographicalspace.
5. SharedVision,CommonAction:AStrongerEurope.AGlobalStrategy
fortheEuropeanUnion’sForeignandSecurityPolicy,June2016,page7,
www.euglobalstrategy.eu.
Thispaper/articlewaspresentedattheTransatlanticSecuritySymposium
2016,theannualRomeforumontransatlanticsecurityorganisedbythe
IstitutoAffariInternazionali(IAI)ofRomeatItaly’sMinistryofForeignAf-
fairs.TheeventwassupportedbytheFriedrichEbertStiftung.
http://www.iai.it/en/node/6679.