International Marketing in Germany – From a cultural perspective


Figure 2.3 The Extended Marketing Mix



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Figure 2.3 The Extended Marketing Mix
Source:
Magrath, A. J., 
When Marketing Services 4p are Not Enough, 
(1986), p. 45
 
Personnel are a very important factor when creating and delivering a service since customers 
identify and associate the firm with them. Physical facilities facilitate the performance of the 
delivery of the service. Customers enjoy the service but in order to make it possible the 
company needs their physical assets. Process management is needed to assure service 
availability and consistent quality. Since services are intangible and not possible to store it is 
crucial that the process management is working well.
45
42
Pheng Low, S. & Tan, M.
 A., Convergence of Western Marketing Mix Concepts and Oriental Strategic 
Thinking, 
(1995), p. 40 
43
Magrath, A. J., 
When Marketing Services 4p are Not Enough, 
(1986), p. 48 
44
Ibid, p. 47 
45
Ibid, p. 48 


16 
2.2.6
 
Standardization versus Adaptation of the Traditional Marketing Mix
On a global basis, a company has to choose between a standardized marketing mix and an 
adapted marketing mix. This means that for every aspect price, product, promotion and place 
the company has to choose between standardization and adaptation. A standardized mix 
means that the company uses the same marketing mix in all the company’s markets. An 
adapted marketing mix means that the company adjusts the marketing mix with regard to the 
market where it acts. This method carries more costs but may also lead to higher return due to 
the customization.
46
There are many factors to be included when deciding whether to standardize or not. Those are 
the market, external environment, the product, cost and other financial factors, and the 
corporate environment. The target markets need to be similar to make standardization 
successful. Reasons for standardization in the marketing mix are for example economies of 
scales in different areas, lower costs in different areas, less complex administration and less 
complex organization.
47
The ability of standardization of the product matters whether it is a consumer-, industrial 
product or service. For example, industrial products are often more appropriate for 
standardization.
48
Industrial products are less influenced by cultural values such as language
attitudes, religion and social roles. 
49
 
There are four different levels of standardization of the marketing mix
50
(see figure 2.4). The 
more standardized marketing mix the more economies of scales, lower costs, and less 
complexity. Marketers are often most determined about standardizing the basic product, since 
it means most advantages.
51
46
Kotler, P. et al., 
Principles of Marketing,
(2005),
 
p. 229 
47
Molnár, J, & Nilsson Molnár, M., 
International Marketing, Negotiations and Business Deals,
(2003), p. 50 
48
Dahringer, L. & Mühlbacher, H., 
International Marketing: A Global Perspective,
(1991), p. 40 
49
Cundiff, E. & Hilger, M., 
Marketing in the International Environment,
(1984), p. 278 
50
Dahringer, L. & Mühlbacher, H., 
International Marketing: A Global Perspective, 
(1991), p. 39
51
Cundiff, E., & Hilger, M., 
Marketing in the International Environment,
(1984), p. 246 


17 

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