t h e s u b j e c t s o f i n t e r nat i o na l l aw
239
centralised organs and usually a fairly widespread bureaucracy with ex-
tensive powers over the citizens of the state, even though the powers of
the state are divided between the different units.
216
However, a state may
comprise component units with extensive powers.
217
There are in addition certain ‘associated states’ which by virtue of their
smallness and lack of development have a close relationship with an-
other state. One instance is the connection between the Cook Islands and
New Zealand, where internal self-government is allied to external depen-
dence.
218
Another example was the group of islands which constituted
the Associated States of the West Indies. These were tied to the United
Kingdom by the terms of the West Indies Act 1967, which provided for the
latter to exercise control with regard to foreign and defence issues. Nev-
ertheless, such states were able to and did attain their independence.
219
The status of such entities in an association relationship with a state
will depend upon the constitutional nature of the arrangement and may
in certain circumstances involve international personality distinct from
the metropolitan state depending also upon international acceptance. It
must, however, be noted that such status is one of the methods accepted by
the UN of exercising the right to self-determination.
220
Provided that an
acceptable level of powers, including those dealing with domestic affairs,
remain with the associated state, and that the latter may without un-
due difficulty revoke the arrangement, some degree of personality would
appear desirable and acceptable.
The Commonwealth of Nations (the former British Commonwealth)
is perhaps the most well known of the loose associations which group
together sovereign states on the basis usually of common interests and
historical ties. Its members are all fully independent states who co-
operate through the assistance of the Commonwealth Secretariat and
periodic conferences of Heads of Government. Regular meetings of par-
ticular ministers also take place. The Commonwealth does not constitute
216
See Crawford,
Creation of States
, pp. 479 ff., and above, p. 217. See also with regard to the
proposed arrangement between Gambia and Senegal, 21 ILM, 1982, pp. 44–7.
217
See e.g. the Dayton Peace Agreement 1995, Annex 4 laying down the constitution of
Bosnia and Herzegovina as an independent state consisting of two Entities, the Federation
of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska. The boundary between the two
Entities was laid down in Annex 2.
218
Crawford,
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