202
i n t e r nat i o na l l aw
designation of ‘failed state’ is controversial and, in terms of international
law, misleading.
28
The capacity to enter into relations with other states is an aspect of
the existence of the entity in question as well as an indication of the
importance attached to recognition by other countries. It is a capacity
not limited to sovereign nations, since international organisations, non-
independent states and other bodies can enter into legal relations with
other entities under the rules of international law. But it is essential for a
sovereign state to be able to create such legal relations with other units as
it sees fit. Where this is not present, the entity cannot be an independent
state. The concern here is not with political pressure by one country over
another, but rather the lack of competence to enter into legal relations.
The difference is the presence or absence of legal capacity, not the degree
of influence that may affect decisions.
The essence of such capacity is independence. This is crucial to state-
hood and amounts to a conclusion of law in the light of particular cir-
cumstances. It is a formal statement that the state is subject to no other
sovereignty and is unaffected either by factual dependence upon other
states or by submission to the rules of international law.
29
It is arguable
that a degree of actual as well as formal independence may also be nec-
essary. This question was raised in relation to the grant of independence
by South Africa to its Bantustans. In the case of the Transkei, for ex-
ample, a considerable proportion, perhaps 90 per cent, of its budget at
one time was contributed by South Africa, while Bophuthatswana was
split into a series of areas divided by South African territory.
30
Both the
Organisation of African Unity and the United Nations declared such ‘in-
dependence’ invalid and called upon all states not to recognise the new en-
tities. These entities were, apart from South Africa, totally unrecognised.
31
28
See e.g. Crawford,
Creation of States
, pp. 719–22; S. Ratner, ‘The Cambodia Settlement
Agreements’, 87 AJIL, 1993, p. 1, and T. M. Franck, ‘The Democratic Entitlement’, 29
University of Richmond Law Review
, 1994, p. 1.
29
See
Austro-German Customs Union
case, (1931) PCIJ, Series A/B, No. 41, pp. 41 (Court’s
Opinion) and 57–8 (Separate Opinion of Judge Anzilotti); 6 AD, pp. 26, 28. See also
Marek,
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